HP SPEEDRUN

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20 Terms

1
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Which two nervous system divisions control involuntary actions like sneezing and peristalsis?

Both somatic and autonomic nervous systems

2
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In the sodium-potassium pump, which ions move where?

3 Na⁺ out of the cell, 2 K⁺ into the cell

3
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During depolarization of a neuron, which ion moves where?

Na⁺ enters the neuron

4
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During repolarization of a neuron, which ion moves where?

K⁺ exits the neuron

5
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What does Saxitoxin block, and why is it fatal?

Blocks Na⁺ channels, preventing depolarization and nerve impulses

6
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What do mixed nerves contain?

Both sensory and motor fibers

7
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Which hormone type is lipid-soluble and has no second messenger system?

Steroid hormones (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, aldosterone, thyroid hormones)

8
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How do peptide hormones exert their effect?

Bind membrane receptors → activate G-protein → adenylate cyclase → ATP to cAMP → protein kinase activation

9
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Which amine hormones act like peptides?

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

10
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Which amine hormones act like steroids?

Thyroid hormones (T3, T4)

11
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Which gland produces ADH and oxytocin?

Posterior pituitary (stores and releases them from hypothalamus)

12
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What happens to TSH levels after thyroidectomy?

They increase due to loss of negative feedback

13
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What type of feedback is oxytocin during childbirth?

Positive feedback

14
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What is the basic functional unit of a myofibril?

Sarcomere (Z-line to Z-line)

15
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Which band shortens during muscle contraction?

I band

16
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Which band stays the same during muscle contraction?

A band

17
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What happens to the H zone during contraction?

It disappears

18
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Where does calcium bind to start muscle contraction?

Troponin on actin filament

19
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What is the role of tropomyosin?

Blocks myosin-binding sites on actin until moved by troponin

20
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What causes myosin to detach from actin?

Binding of a new ATP molecule