ARC 1013 Final Exam Study Guide MSU

Architecture responds to the ____ of its users and it rises to the level of _____.

needs; art

Architecture is connected to a particular place and relates the the specifics of ____

geography, climate and the surroundings.

Why is architecture important?

because it permanently records a civilization's aesthetic tastes, material resources and political and social aspirations.

What does architecture help define?

Place

Vitruvius 3 principles Essential to Architecture

Firmness (Structure)

Commodity (Function)

Delight (Beauty)

Representative Sketch

has scratches and details

Abstract Sketch

simplification toward more intense, reductive meaning

Symbolic Sketch

Most basic form, just lines

The relationship between _____ and ____ creates architectural space.

solids; voids

Symmetry

Designing one side of a space to mirror the opposite.

Asymmetry

Architectural elements that are unevenly spaced in size, shape, and/or makeup.

Proportion

Quantified relationship among the parts of an element, as well as the relationship of that element to the whole

Leonardo da Vinci's drawing oof body's balanced proportions.

Le Corbusier's Modular

Harmonic numbers, one was the average height of the human being and the other the height of a man with raised arms

Massing

Composing three-dimensional shapes or volumes into a building design.

Style

A particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people, or period.

Dormer Window

a vertical window in a projection built out on a sloping roof

Bay Window

a window that sticks out from the outside wall of a house

Ribbon Window

horizontal band of windows

Casement Window

window with hinges at one side

Transom Window

a window above the transom of a doorway

Arched Doorway

associated with Roman and Gothic architecture

Pedimented Doorway

a triangle shaped element historically made of stone

Venetian Doorway

door opening with a semicircular window (fanlight) above and flanked by vertical window (sidelights) similar to Palladian window

French door

door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length often hung in pairs

Sliding Door

A door that operates or moves by sliding on a track usually parallel to a wall.

Building Type

architectural form which has become accepted by society through repeated use

Example of Building Type

cathedral, bank, train station, palace, castle...

Wall Types

-veneered walls

-reinforced walls

-cavity walls

-solid walls

The Building Program

a client's list of practical requirements for a design project

3 Things Required for ANY Architectural Project

1. Need

2. Land (Site)

3. Financing

Steps required to become a licensed Architect

-5-year BARC

or 4+2 MARC

or 3+ year MARC

- Minimum 3-year internship (minimum weeks of exposure to various aspects of practice)

- Pass 6 part ARE 5.0 exam

What does an architect provide to earn the fee?

Schematic Design - 15%

Design Development - 25%

Construction Documents - 35%

Bidding and Contract Negotiation - 5%

Construction Phase - 20%

Architectural Drawing

Orthographic

Axonometric

Perspective

Orthographic drawings

plan, section, and elevation

Axonometric Drawing

depict and require measurement in three dimensions;

"paraline" - parallel lines in the object are parallel in the drawing

Perspective Drawings

depict and require measurement in three dimensions like axon

foreshortening

parallel lines in the object appear to recede in depth unlike axon

this is how we see it, realistic

Lancet Window

tracery

trefoil

quatrefoil

Palladian Window

a round headed window flanked by two smaller windows

Double Hung Window

Window having 2 vertically hung sashes each in separate tracts.

Oxyeye Window

a comparatively small found or oval window used on a dormer

ex. Montecello

Menhirs

single stone standing upright

Dolmen

several stones supporting a stone slab

Henges

circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged

Cromlech

circle of stones

Sneferu's South Pyramid (Dahshur, Egypt)

Doser's Step Pyramid (Saqqara)

Cheop's Pyramid (Giza, Egypt)

Dead Load

forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, etc)

Live Load

forces from all the "movable" elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc)

First Recorded Architect

Imhotep

- born a commoner

- b/t 2700-2600 BC Zoser hired Imhotep to design his tomb

- "translated" traditional building materials of mud, wood, & reeds into stone

- also an astronomer, magician, & doctor

- later worshiped as a god

Temple at Karnac

bud columns

papyrus bundles

Lion's Gate

-Sense of Structure

-Lion element borrowed from Egypt

-post and lintel

-greeks will refine post and lintel triangular relief

- walls narrow to help defenders increased opportunity to repeal attackers.

Compare Egyptians to Greeks

-Egyptians believe in afterlife:

--Collective eternity

--If pharaoh lives forever, so does population

-- Effort to celebrate individual

-Greeks no afterlife

-- Sought immortality through achievement

-- Excellence in deeds

--Record accomplishments so remembered forever

Temples housed Gods

Built to impress non greeks

Vivid colors

Seen from a great distance

Doric order

columns placed close, no base

plain capitals

metopes & triglyph

perfection of Doric - Parthenon

Corinthian Order

-variation of Ionic Order

-same as Ionic except a new type of Capital

-capital is more ornate-acanthus leaves

-often found on interiors

Ionic Order

smaller buildings & interiors

recognizable by capital

perfection of Ionic - Temple of Athena Nike

The Acropolis

Agora - open meeting place or market

- Erechtheion: (421-407 BC)

- Caryatids: sculpted female figure used as a column

- Atlas: sculpted male figure used as a column

The Parthenon

Refined perfection of Doric Order.

- Supreme example of classical architecture

-Athens: 448-432 BCE

Elgin Marbles

- British Museum (London)

- Lord Elgin

- Purchased Marbles from Turks

Carytids

A sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column.

Atlas

a sculptured male figure used as a column

Greeks vs Romans

Greeks made objects in the landscape.

- balance

-harmony

-reflection of form and not structural innovation.

Romans (Etruscans) conquered the Greeks. Etruscans brought Classical architecture to Roman Empire 1/5 of the world was under Roman Rule.

- made of spaces

- made images in context

- made innovations in construction and technology

- the arch: vault, dome, concrete

Tuscan Order

Unlike Doric: supports on entablature with no decoration

-Used to create wooden temple with pitched roof

Composite Order

Combines Ionic volutes with corinthian acanthus leaves

- Roman Innovation

Roman Structural Innovation

barrel vault: extending arch along its depth

Coliseum in Rome- 80 CE

completed around 80 ace

Pantheon, Rome, 125 CE

double pediment, oculus, built under Hadrian (117-138 ACE)

Portico

a colonnade or covered ambulatory especially in classical architecture and often at the entrance of a building

Pediment

triangle shape over colonnade

Constantine I (306-337)

Edict of Milan (313) - proclaimed tolerance of all religions which gave Christians authority to build churches

Early Christian Churches

These churches were based on timber-roofed basilicas

Byzantine Churches

-Focused on middle, not end (like early christian)

-purpose was to celebrate God as center of universe

Pendentive

A curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches.

Hagia Sophia

Dome covered in mosaics appear to float without support.

Pisa Cathedral and Campanile

Pisa, Italy 1063, 1089-1272

Gothic Architecture in Europe

- Time: 12th-15th century

- Geographical: Gothic originated in France

--Western Europe once ruled by Romans

--Today's France, Northern Italy, Germany, Spain, England (broadly)

- Religious: Christian church, power of the popes to make and unmake emperors and kings

- Social: Rapid growth of towns, commercial activity, increase in wealth, inspired rivalries between cities

-- Express competition in ecclesiastical and municipal buildings

-- Feudal system in France and England

-- German towns formed associations

-- Italy not feudal, holy roman empire and papacy at war.

Pointed Arch

signals gothic architecture/style

Nave

the central area of a church

Apse

semicircular projection, containing an alar

Trasept

the two arms in a "Latin cross" plan

Gothic Details

Details communicated to an illiterate population through Christian images in stone and glass.

Filippo Brunelleschi

"Father of the Renaisaance"

- Architect, painter, sculptor, goldsmith

-Humanism-- human achievement separate from religious dogma.

-Reconcile the classical view of human potential with Christian belief in divine intention; wanted excellence in human achievement-- all was possible

Cathedral of Florence

Located in Italy; completed in 1436 with a dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.

Villa Rotunda

-Andrea Palladio

-Renaissance

-Vicenza, Italy

Tempietto, Rome

Donato Bramante; circle and square represent the perfection of the divinity

Mannerism (High Renaissance)

Inventive combinations of elements of purposefully play with classical rules; proportions-exaggerated;

Michealangelo (1475-1564)

Sculptor, painter, and architect. He rebelled against Renaissance decorum; adjusted proportions, details to suit his purpose; often made up his own details.,

Saint's Peter

Embraces work from High Renaissance to Baroque. Many architects worked on project over the course of construction. Including Bramante and Michelangelo.

Baroque Architecture

a style of architecture originating in italy in the early 17th century and variously prevalent in europe and the new world for a century and a half characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces, and the dramatic combined effects of architecture,sculpture, painting and the decorative arts.

Piazza of St. Peter's

Begun 1656

Gianlorenzo Bernini

London Fire of 1666

2nd September 1666 - fire erupted and burned for three days destroying much of the city

Act of Rebuilding the City of London

example of an early building code - specified the use of brick walls and slate roofing material in an attempt to avoid future fires

Sir Christopher Wren

Redesigned St. Paul's Cathedral and over 50 other churches in London

St. Martin-in-the-Field

1722-26; James Gibbs design copied throughout the US

Benjamin Latrobe

-Acknowledged as 1st professional architect

-Baltimore Cathedral

Greek Revival Style

-Tennessee State Capitol Nashville, TN

-Minard Lefever

-Asher Benjamin

Monticello, 1770

Thomas Jefferson

Burnham and Root

Rookery, Chicago