Microbio Exam II: chapter 5, eukaroytic diversity

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174 Terms

1

Eukaryotic supergroups (6)

Exacavata, chromalveolata, rhizaris, archaeplastida, amoebozoa, opisthokonta

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2

Fungi benefits

decompose dead plants, recycle vital elements, food and antibiotic production

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3

mycology

the study of fungi

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4

structures in fungi

thallus, hyphae, mycelium

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5

thallus

body

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6

hyphae

fungal filaments that grow by elongating at the tips

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7

septate hyphae

contain cross-walls

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8

coenocytic hyphae

not divided

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9

vegetative hyphae

below the subsurface, obtains nutrients

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10

aerial hyphae

reproduction

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11

conidia

open spores

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12

mycelium

mass of hyphae

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13

Yeasts

nonfilamentous unicellular fungi

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14

budding yeasts

divide unevenly, forms 24 daughter cells, ex: sacchromyces

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15

fission yeasts

divide evenly, ex: schizosacchromyces

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16

dimorphic fungi

Forms a yeast at 37C and a mold at 25C

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17

Fungal reproduction

sexual and asexual

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18

Types of asexual spores

conidiospore, arthroconidia, blastoconidia, chlamydoconidium, sporangiospore

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19

conidiospoe

asexual spore not enclosed in a sac

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20

arthroconidia

asexual spore formed from fragmentation of septate hyphae

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21

blastoconidia

asexual spore formed from buds of the parent cell

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22

chlamydoconidium

asexual spore within a hyphal segment

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23

sporangiospore

asexual spore enclosed in a sac

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24

sexual spores

fusion of nuclei from 2 opposite mating strains --> diploid zygote --> meiosis --> haploid nuclei

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25

Environmental and nutritional needs of fungi

pH 5, molds are aerobic, yeasts are facultative anaerobes, resistant to osmotic pressure

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26

Medically important fungi phyla

mucoromycota, microsporidia, ascomycota, basidiomycota

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27

mucoromycota

conjugation fungi, coencytic hyphae, reproduce asexually (sporangiospore) and sexually (zygospore)

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28

Mucoromycota example

Rhizopus stolonifer: black bread mold

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29

Microsporidia

No sexual reproductive, no mitochondria, obligate intracellular parasites

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30

What diseases are caused by microsporidia

chronic diarrhea, keratoconjunctivitis

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31

ascomycota

sac fungi, septate hyphae, some are anamorphic (cant reproduce sexually)

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32

Reproduction in ascomycota

1. asexually: conidiospore
2. sexually: nuclei fuse in ascus sac forming an ascospore

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33

Ascomycota examples

saccharomyces, candida, aspergillus

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34

Basidiomycota

club fungi, septate hyphae, mushroomssssss

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35

Basidiomycota reproduction

1. Asexual: conidiospores
2. basidiospores are formed externally on the base (basidium)

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36

Basidiomycota key genera

agaricus, amanita (highly poisonous), cryptococcus

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37

mycosis

fungal infection

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38

five different types of mycoses

systemic, subcutaneous, superficial, opportunistic, cutaneous

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39

systemic mycoses

deep within the body, impact tissues and organs

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40

subcutaneous mycoses

penetrate the stratum corneum (top skin layer), ex: sporotrichosis

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41

sporotrichosis

caused by sporothrix schenkii which enters a wound and causes a small ulcer, common in gardeners

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42

superficial mycoses

localized, ex: hair shafts

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43

opportunistic mycoses

fungi harmless in normal habitat are pathogenic in a compromised host

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44

cutaneous mycoses

affect hair skin and nails, also known as dermatomycoses

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45

Dermatomycoses genera

trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton

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46

trichophyton

infect hair skin or nails

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47

microsporum

involves only hair or skin

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48

epidermophyton

affects only skin and nails

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49

histoplasmosis

caused by histoplasma capsulatum, acquired from conidia in bird or bat droppings, geographically isolated to the mississippi and ohio rivers. forms lung lesions

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50

histoplasma capsulatum

dimorphic fungus, yeast form grows in macrophages, resembles tuberculosis

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51

coccidioidomycosis

also known as valley fever or san joaquin fever, caused by coccidioides immitis, American SW

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52

coccidioides immitis cycle

tubular hyphae segment into arthroconidia and become airborne, they are inhaled and form a spherule where endospore develop and are released

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53

Blastomycosis

caused by blastomyces dermatitidis, symptoms similar to bacterial pneumonia, located in the mississippi area

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54

blastomyces dermatiditis

dimorphic fungus, grows in soil, causes blastomycosis

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55

Pneumocytis pneumonia (PCP)

caused by pneumocystis jirovecii, causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, primary indicator of AIDS, found in alveoli, fatal

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56

PCP reservoir

neonates

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57

PCP cycle

Trophozoites develop into cysts

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58

candidiasis

overgrowth of candidia albicans which forms pseudohyphae that allow it to avoid phagocytosis and invade deeper tissues

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59

Thrush

overgrowth of candida albicans in the oral cavity

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60

What makes you at higher risk for candidiasis

oral contraceptives, pregnancy, diabetes, obesity

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61

Cryptococcosis

caused by cryptococcus neoformans, transmitted by respiratory route, spreads to CNS to cause meningitis

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62

cryptococcus neoformans

soil fungus from pigeon and chicken droppings, has a heavy capsule to resist phagocytosis

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63

asperigillus fumigatus

causes aspergillosis, compost piles

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64

rhizopus and mucor

bread mold spores

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65

mycotoxins

toxins produce by fungi that can cause blood disease, nervous system disorders, kidney and liver damage, cancer

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66

ergot poisoning

mycotoxins produced by claviceps purpurea, grains like rye, gangrene and hallucinations

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67

aflatoxin poisoning

mycotoxins produced by aspergillus flavus, peanuts, causes liver cirrhosis and cancer

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68

asperigillus niger

production of citric acid

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69

asperigillus terreus

produces statins that help treat high cholesterol

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70

saccharomyces cerevisiae

bread, wine, hep B vaccine

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71

trichoderma

produces cellulase for cotton softening and clear fruit juice

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72

taxomyces

makes taxol (anti cancer drug)

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73

tolypocladium inflatum

cyclosporine

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74

coniothyrium minitans

biological pesticide

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75

paecilomyces

kills termites

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76

lichens

mutualistic combination of green algae and fungus

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77

three morphological categories of lichens

cructose (flush), foliose (leaflike), fruticose (fingerlike)

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78

Body (thallus) of lichens are made of

1. medulla: hyphae growing around algal cells
2. rhizines: hyphae projections below the body
3. cortex: protective coating over algal layer

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79

How are lichens environmental indicators

they are first colonizers on rock and soil, they disappear when air is polluted with sulfur dioxide

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80

How do lichens represent a mutualistic relationship

algae produces carbs for the fungus and the fungus protects the algae

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81

Economic importance of lichens

litmus dye, antimicrobial, Usnea

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82

Algae

unicellular, filamentous photoautotrophs, require water for nutrients and reproduction

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83

Location of algae depends on

nutrient availability, wavelengths of light, surfaces to attach to

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84

pneumocyst

floating gass bubble in algae that provides buoyancy

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85

oomycotes

fungus like (chemoheterotrophic) algae, plant parasites for potatoes and soybeans

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86

Types of algae

brown kelp, red, green, diatoms, dinoflagellates

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87

Brown algae

cellulose and alginic acid cell walls, produce algin (food thickener)

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88

red algae

grow deep at blue wavelengths, branched thalli, produce agar, carrageenan, and lethal toxins

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89

green algae

cellulose cell walls, chlorophyll a and b, store starch, gave rise to terrestrial plants

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90

diatoms

pectin or silica cell walls, store oil for energy, produce domoic acid

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91

How do diatoms impact human health

consumption of mussels that have eaten diatoms causes neurological disease from domoic acid

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92

how do diatoms impact industry

carbon in the form of oil gets trapped in sediments which causes petroleum formation

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93

dinoflagellates

cellulose in plasma membrane, component of plankton, unicellular

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94

paralytic shellfish poisoning

caused by saxitoxins produced by dinoflagellates

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95

pfiesteria piscicida

genus of toxic dinoflagellate that causes massive fish kills

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96

Role of algae in nature

fix CO2, produce 80% of earths oxygen, algal blooms

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97

protozoa

unicellular eukaryotes, complex lifecycles

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98

Life cycle of protozoa

1. vegetative state: trophozoite
2. asexual reproduction: fission, budding, schizogony
3. sexual reproduction conjugation

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99

Protozoa and cysts

some form cysts to help them survive outside the host environment, similar to an endospore but has reproductive function

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100

Characteristics of protozoa

require a large supply of water, outer protective pellicle, specialized food structures

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