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Eukaryotic supergroups (6)
Exacavata, chromalveolata, rhizaris, archaeplastida, amoebozoa, opisthokonta
Fungi benefits
decompose dead plants, recycle vital elements, food and antibiotic production
mycology
the study of fungi
structures in fungi
thallus, hyphae, mycelium
thallus
body
hyphae
fungal filaments that grow by elongating at the tips
septate hyphae
contain cross-walls
coenocytic hyphae
not divided
vegetative hyphae
below the subsurface, obtains nutrients
aerial hyphae
reproduction
conidia
open spores
mycelium
mass of hyphae
Yeasts
nonfilamentous unicellular fungi
budding yeasts
divide unevenly, forms 24 daughter cells, ex: sacchromyces
fission yeasts
divide evenly, ex: schizosacchromyces
dimorphic fungi
Forms a yeast at 37C and a mold at 25C
Fungal reproduction
sexual and asexual
Types of asexual spores
conidiospore, arthroconidia, blastoconidia, chlamydoconidium, sporangiospore
conidiospoe
asexual spore not enclosed in a sac
arthroconidia
asexual spore formed from fragmentation of septate hyphae
blastoconidia
asexual spore formed from buds of the parent cell
chlamydoconidium
asexual spore within a hyphal segment
sporangiospore
asexual spore enclosed in a sac
sexual spores
fusion of nuclei from 2 opposite mating strains --> diploid zygote --> meiosis --> haploid nuclei
Environmental and nutritional needs of fungi
pH 5, molds are aerobic, yeasts are facultative anaerobes, resistant to osmotic pressure
Medically important fungi phyla
mucoromycota, microsporidia, ascomycota, basidiomycota
mucoromycota
conjugation fungi, coencytic hyphae, reproduce asexually (sporangiospore) and sexually (zygospore)
Mucoromycota example
Rhizopus stolonifer: black bread mold
Microsporidia
No sexual reproductive, no mitochondria, obligate intracellular parasites
What diseases are caused by microsporidia
chronic diarrhea, keratoconjunctivitis
ascomycota
sac fungi, septate hyphae, some are anamorphic (cant reproduce sexually)
Reproduction in ascomycota
1. asexually: conidiospore
2. sexually: nuclei fuse in ascus sac forming an ascospore
Ascomycota examples
saccharomyces, candida, aspergillus
Basidiomycota
club fungi, septate hyphae, mushroomssssss
Basidiomycota reproduction
1. Asexual: conidiospores
2. basidiospores are formed externally on the base (basidium)
Basidiomycota key genera
agaricus, amanita (highly poisonous), cryptococcus
mycosis
fungal infection
five different types of mycoses
systemic, subcutaneous, superficial, opportunistic, cutaneous
systemic mycoses
deep within the body, impact tissues and organs
subcutaneous mycoses
penetrate the stratum corneum (top skin layer), ex: sporotrichosis
sporotrichosis
caused by sporothrix schenkii which enters a wound and causes a small ulcer, common in gardeners
superficial mycoses
localized, ex: hair shafts
opportunistic mycoses
fungi harmless in normal habitat are pathogenic in a compromised host
cutaneous mycoses
affect hair skin and nails, also known as dermatomycoses
Dermatomycoses genera
trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton
trichophyton
infect hair skin or nails
microsporum
involves only hair or skin
epidermophyton
affects only skin and nails
histoplasmosis
caused by histoplasma capsulatum, acquired from conidia in bird or bat droppings, geographically isolated to the mississippi and ohio rivers. forms lung lesions
histoplasma capsulatum
dimorphic fungus, yeast form grows in macrophages, resembles tuberculosis
coccidioidomycosis
also known as valley fever or san joaquin fever, caused by coccidioides immitis, American SW
coccidioides immitis cycle
tubular hyphae segment into arthroconidia and become airborne, they are inhaled and form a spherule where endospore develop and are released
Blastomycosis
caused by blastomyces dermatitidis, symptoms similar to bacterial pneumonia, located in the mississippi area
blastomyces dermatiditis
dimorphic fungus, grows in soil, causes blastomycosis
Pneumocytis pneumonia (PCP)
caused by pneumocystis jirovecii, causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, primary indicator of AIDS, found in alveoli, fatal
PCP reservoir
neonates
PCP cycle
Trophozoites develop into cysts
candidiasis
overgrowth of candidia albicans which forms pseudohyphae that allow it to avoid phagocytosis and invade deeper tissues
Thrush
overgrowth of candida albicans in the oral cavity
What makes you at higher risk for candidiasis
oral contraceptives, pregnancy, diabetes, obesity
Cryptococcosis
caused by cryptococcus neoformans, transmitted by respiratory route, spreads to CNS to cause meningitis
cryptococcus neoformans
soil fungus from pigeon and chicken droppings, has a heavy capsule to resist phagocytosis
asperigillus fumigatus
causes aspergillosis, compost piles
rhizopus and mucor
bread mold spores
mycotoxins
toxins produce by fungi that can cause blood disease, nervous system disorders, kidney and liver damage, cancer
ergot poisoning
mycotoxins produced by claviceps purpurea, grains like rye, gangrene and hallucinations
aflatoxin poisoning
mycotoxins produced by aspergillus flavus, peanuts, causes liver cirrhosis and cancer
asperigillus niger
production of citric acid
asperigillus terreus
produces statins that help treat high cholesterol
saccharomyces cerevisiae
bread, wine, hep B vaccine
trichoderma
produces cellulase for cotton softening and clear fruit juice
taxomyces
makes taxol (anti cancer drug)
tolypocladium inflatum
cyclosporine
coniothyrium minitans
biological pesticide
paecilomyces
kills termites
lichens
mutualistic combination of green algae and fungus
three morphological categories of lichens
cructose (flush), foliose (leaflike), fruticose (fingerlike)
Body (thallus) of lichens are made of
1. medulla: hyphae growing around algal cells
2. rhizines: hyphae projections below the body
3. cortex: protective coating over algal layer
How are lichens environmental indicators
they are first colonizers on rock and soil, they disappear when air is polluted with sulfur dioxide
How do lichens represent a mutualistic relationship
algae produces carbs for the fungus and the fungus protects the algae
Economic importance of lichens
litmus dye, antimicrobial, Usnea
Algae
unicellular, filamentous photoautotrophs, require water for nutrients and reproduction
Location of algae depends on
nutrient availability, wavelengths of light, surfaces to attach to
pneumocyst
floating gass bubble in algae that provides buoyancy
oomycotes
fungus like (chemoheterotrophic) algae, plant parasites for potatoes and soybeans
Types of algae
brown kelp, red, green, diatoms, dinoflagellates
Brown algae
cellulose and alginic acid cell walls, produce algin (food thickener)
red algae
grow deep at blue wavelengths, branched thalli, produce agar, carrageenan, and lethal toxins
green algae
cellulose cell walls, chlorophyll a and b, store starch, gave rise to terrestrial plants
diatoms
pectin or silica cell walls, store oil for energy, produce domoic acid
How do diatoms impact human health
consumption of mussels that have eaten diatoms causes neurological disease from domoic acid
how do diatoms impact industry
carbon in the form of oil gets trapped in sediments which causes petroleum formation
dinoflagellates
cellulose in plasma membrane, component of plankton, unicellular
paralytic shellfish poisoning
caused by saxitoxins produced by dinoflagellates
pfiesteria piscicida
genus of toxic dinoflagellate that causes massive fish kills
Role of algae in nature
fix CO2, produce 80% of earths oxygen, algal blooms
protozoa
unicellular eukaryotes, complex lifecycles
Life cycle of protozoa
1. vegetative state: trophozoite
2. asexual reproduction: fission, budding, schizogony
3. sexual reproduction conjugation
Protozoa and cysts
some form cysts to help them survive outside the host environment, similar to an endospore but has reproductive function
Characteristics of protozoa
require a large supply of water, outer protective pellicle, specialized food structures