Introduction to Native American History Final Flashcards

Chiricahua Apaches : Who

The ———- were one of the larger diverse Apache people with notable members like Geronimo and Allen Houser.

Chiricahua Apaches : What

 The ———- are known for their resistance to American efforts of encroachment and were treated as prisoners of war.

Chiricahua Apaches : Where

The ——- lived in the greater land known as Apacheria which consists of Northern Mexico, Central Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico.

Chiricahua Apaches : When

 A crucial time period for the ———- is from 1886 to 1913 which marked the beginning and the and the end of the Chiricahua Apache exile

Chiricahua Apaches : why

The ——— are important to the holistic understanding of Native American history as their struggles in the face of assimilation and reservation policy show just how much these peoples were discriminate against. However, the ——— also serve as pilar of native resistance led by people like Geronimo fighting for the right to just be themselves. 

Geronimo: Who

Chiricahua Apache chief and warrior

Geronimo: What

……. Known for his acts of resistance in which he would gather a group of his people and fight both Mexican and United States forces.

Geronimo: Where

Fort Sill, Northern Mexico, Arizona, Texas

Geronimo: When

1840-1860s

Geronimo: Why

…… is an example of Native American resistance to the American institution of reservations where life for his people faced horrible living conditions. His fight for freedom of the apache people helps us understand the existence of Native opposition to discriminatory policies of the US.

Carlisle Indian School:Who

Richard Henry Prat, United States government, Chiricahua apache

Carlisle Indian School:What

The … served as a boarding schools for Chiricahua children and other indigenous children

Carlisle Indian School:where

Located in the state of Pennsylvania

Carlisle Indian School: When

Late 19th century to early 20th century in Carlisle Pennsylvania

Carlisle Indian School: Why

….. first of so Indian schools whom would leave a profound mark on Indigenous communities. The ….. was the latest of attempts to assimilate Native Americans by stripping away their native tongue, ways of dressing and more. these ….. served to dismantle the family unit. Finally, the conditions of this school like many other Indian boarding …. were horrible often resulting in the deaths of many children.

Richard Henry Prat: Who

Captain in the United States Army, who would go on to be the founder of the Carlisle Indian School.

Richard Henry Pratt: What

Known for his founding of the Carlisle Indian School leading assimilation efforts. Also had control over certain native peoples in fort Marion.

Richard Henry Pratt: Where

Carlisle, Pennsylvania Fort Marion, Florida

Richard Henry Pratt:When

Late 1800s early 1900s with some key dates like 1875 when native peoples were shipped to Fort Marion, and 1879 the estblaishment of the Carlisle Indian school.

Richard Henry Pratt: Why

……. was the originator of the Carlisle Indian School in efforts to assimilate young native children in mainstream American ways. His actions reflect an effort to “kill the Indian and save the man.” The school that he spearheaded would attempt to eradicate indigenous language and traditions fundamentally leaving a mark on native communities.

Charles Alexander Eastman: Who

A Santee Dakota man, native spokesman, doctor, and author

Charles Alexander Eastman: What

…. was a product of the Indian boarding schools, helped the surviving people of wounded knee massacre, member of the society of American Indians

Charles Alexander Eastman: Where

Dartmouth college, Boston University, Pine ridge

Charles Alexander Eastman: When

Late 19th century

Charles Alexander Eastman: Why

…….. is an example of a native person who was once the model ideal for what the boarding schools were meant to turn native peoples into white ways of dress, white career among other things. However where he differs from other “successful” products of the Indian boarding school is that he has a fall out with white reformers as he witnesses the massacre at wounded knee. Eventually, …… goes on to embrace tradition.

Fort Marion: Who

Some of the people revolving …….. are Richard Henry Pratt, Geronimo, Chiricahua Apache, and the United States Army.

Fort Marion: What

….. …… was a United States military base.

Fort Marion: Where

……. …….. located in St. Augustine, Florida

Fort Marion: When

The time range critical for ….. …… are the 1880s to 1910s

Fort Marion: Why

…….. …… is crucial to out understanding of Native American history because it would be the place in which the Chiricahua Apache among other native peoples were kept as prisoners of war. However, its importance does not end there because ….. …. was the first to lead assimilation education stripping away cultural traditions and tongues that were fundamental in the ideology of the Indian boarding school. Finally, many native peoples faced horrible conditions as native peoples were caged, punished for just speaking their native language, and resulted in the death of many native people.

The Dawes Act: Who

The ….. was passed by congress pioneered by senator Henry Dawes. The ….. affected all federally recognized tribes.

The Dawes Act: What

The …. ….. was an allotment policy which had four stipulations: the united state president had sole power to determine which tribes were to be allotted, outlined how much land was meant to be given to who 160 for head of household, 80 for single adults 40 for everyone else, tied allotment to United States citizenship, and the United States would hold the land in trust. Also outlined that any surplus land would be sold.

short version :

president has sole power

stipulation of allotment sizes

tied to citizenship

land would be held in trust

The Dawes Act:Where

The …… ….. encompassed all reservations and was enacted in Washington D.C

The Dawes Act: When

The …. …. was enacted in the year of 1887

The Dawes Act: Why

The …. …. would fundamentally change the life style for Native Americans in an attempt to assimilate them into white mainstream ways. The ….. … stripped away the native idea of communal land in for capitalistic ideas of ownership. The parceling of land would often result in the sale of surplus land further diminishing tribal sovereignty and native land holdings. Furthermore, allotment sizes reflected white ideas of patriarchy of in attempts to assimilate native communities even further.

Really big ones: served to erode tribal sovereignty and land holdings, resulted in a huge loss of native land.

The Curtis Act: Who

The …. ….. was passed by congress spearheaded by senator Charles Curtis specifically impacting the native people in Indian country,

The Curtis Act: What

The …. …… extended allotment to Indian country

The Curtis Act: Where

The … … was a federal law so it did impact the United States but it particularly concerned Oklahoma or what was then Indian country. Passed in Washington D.C

The Curtis Act: When

….. passed in 1898

The Curtis Act: Why

The … expansion of allotment land by the United States government is important to our understating of Native American history because it essentially ended tribal sovereignty and paved the way for even more allotment of land in Indian country. Made it increasingly harder for native peoples to resist assimilation. With the extermination of tribal sovereignty the US can take land for themselves. Of course this fathered assimilation as allotment was an attempt for natives to pick up white capitalistic ways. Serves as another example of United States lying to benefit themselves.

Blue Lake: Who

Taos Pueblo, U.S Government.

Blue Lake: What

The …… was a sacred place to the Taos Pueblo people often used for their ceremonies. …… was taken by the federal government to become part of a national park.

Blue Lake: Where

The …. was in New Mexico

Blue Lake: When

The time range that is important to our understanding of native American history is 1924 to 1970

Blue Lake: Why

The struggle for …. is important to Native American history as it represent the rise of Native American activism in an attempt to preserve their rights to cultural lands and traditions. When …. was taken by the federal government the Taos Pueblo people advocated for their right to the land. The fight for …… serves as a representative instance of Native American activism

Clyde Bellecourt: Who

An Ojibwe man, native activist, cofounder of AIM

Clyde Bellecourt: What

….. …. worked to organize the young native Americans in Minneapolis eventually becoming the co-founder of the American Indian movment

Clyde Bellecourt: Where

Some of the key places that we discussed revolving … ….. are Minnesota, Minneapolis, white earth reservation, and Pine Ridge

Clyde Bellecourt: When

….. activism work was between 1960s through the 1990s

Clyde Bellecourt: Why

……. through his activims as the co-founder of aim substantially contributed to the empowerment of Native American community. Bellecourt worked to change the rampant discrimination of the United States government, for the strengthening of tribal sovereignty, and bring social/political change for Native Americans

Vernon Bellecour: Who

An Ojibwe man, native activist, co-founder of the American Indian Movement (AIM)

Vernon Bellecourt: What

….. ….. alongside his brother organized Native American community in what became AIM. Advocated for the Native American community. Attempted to spread awareness for indigenous rights. Led efforts for his street patrol intended to keep people in the Native American community safe from police abuse.

Vernon Bellecourt: Where

Minnesota, Minneapolis, Pine Ridge, white earth reservation.

Vernon Bellecourt: When

……. time range would be from 1960s -1990s

Vernon Bellecourt:Why

…….. activism as the co-founder of aim substantially contributed to the empowerment of Native American community. Furthermore his advocacy raised awareness for challenges the native community was facing like police brutality. Bellecourt worked to change police brutality against the native community, bring awareness to the various violations of indigenous rights, and bring social/political change for Native Americans

Dennis Banks: Who

An Ojibwe man, Native American activist, co-founder of AIM

Dennis Banks: What

….. …. played a crucial role in advocating for for Native American rights of cultural preservation and land rights as a co-founder of the American Indian Movement.

Dennis Banks: Where

key places to note are Alcatraz, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Leach Lake reservation, Pine Ridge

Dennis Banks: When

Late 20th century more specifically 1960s- 1970s

Dennis Banks: Why

As a co-founder of AIM ….. significantly contributed to efforts to empower Native American communities to preserve their cultural traditions, their lifestyle and bring political/social changes that would improve the lives of indigenous people. His advocacy such as the occupation of pine ridge in what is known as Wounded Knee II is just a notorious instance of ….’s advocacy for native American rights.

American Indian Movement: Who

The who in this situation would be activists like Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt, Vernon Bellecourt, and Russel Means.

American Indian Movement: What

The ….. ….. was an activist group that fought for various issues that plagued the native American community while advocating for civil rights, land right, and brought socio-political issues of the Native American community to the forefront. The movement partook in protests and advocacy.

American Indian Movement: Where

The …… ……. …..Minneapolis, Minnesota, Alcatraz, Pine Ridge, Washington D.C (Trail of Broken treaties)

American Indian Movement: When

The ….. was founded in 1968 and was active generally speaking in the time range to know is late 1960s through the 1980s

American Indian Movement: Why

The …… ….. ….. led an effort to empower Native American communities to fight for the socio-economic and political issues indigenous people faced in United States. The American Indian Movement led by people like Dennis Banks and the Bellecourt brothers attempted to address rampant discrimination, preserve indigenous cultures, and secure the very rights that had been guaranteed by treaties which the United States had already signed.Furthermore, through the movement’s occupation of Alcatraz and the events of Wounded Knee II they would bring attention to injustices native peoples faced.

Russell Means: Who

….. a Oglala Lakota Sioux, Native activist, former accountant, co-founder of AIM

Russell Means: What

……. as a co-founder and AIM member played a central role in Native American activism. He would become a figure head for the occupation of wounded knee.

Was one of the most outspoke of native activists as he rented the loss of his culture and language. Going as far to pee on Mount Rushmore.

Russell Means: Where

Some of the places associated with ……. are San Francisco, Alcatraz, Pine Ridge, Mount Rushmore and , Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Russell Means: When

the important time range for is in ……. late 20th century specifically 1960s through 1980s

Russell Means: Why

…. ….. as a co-founder of AIM ….. significantly contributed to efforts to empower Native American communities to preserve their cultural traditions, their lifestyle and bring political/social changes that would improve the lives of indigenous people.

His advocacy such as the occupation of pine ridge in what is known as Wounded Knee II is just a notorious instance of ….’s advocacy was a protest against the United States and corruption among tribal governance.

Goons: Who

The ….. consisted of people who associated with Richard Wilson, progressives, federal agents (U.S government), and Aim

Goons: What

The ….. were a group armed associated with Wilson opposed to AIM activist during the occupation of Wounded Knee. They partook in an onslaught of gun fire against AIM.

Goons: Where

….. ….. Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota,

Goons: When

The …. fought aim in their occupation of Wounded Knee in the year of 1973

Goons: Why

The ….. are important to our understanding of Native American history because they refelct internal conflicts within the Oglala Lakota community which was field by the federal government. Armed by the federal government and with the tensions high the actions of the …. resulted in a loss of unity and peace within the community. Of course attempted to put down the native activists at Wounded Knee. The federal agents also served to instigate conflicts among the Oglala Lakota community.