AP HUG - Unit 5 Vocab

agriculture

modifying the environment to raise plants or animals for food or other uses’

mediterranean climate

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extensive agriculture

agriculture that uses small amounts of labor on a large area of land

intensive agriculture

 agriculture that uses a lot of labor on a small area of land

market gardening (intensive)

Some of the fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing

plantation agriculture (intensive)

A plantation specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market. 

mixed crop/livestock (intensive)

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed by humans

shifting cultivation (extensive)

Farmers move from one field to
another; aka  slash-and-burn agriculture because farmers clear and fertilize the land by burning vegetation. When the soil loses fertility, the farmers move to a different plot of land and repeat.

nomadic herding (extensive)

Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit. ran

ranching

Commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter. 

commercial grain farming (extensive)

Crops are grown primarily for human consumption.Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread.

clustered

a pattern of rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each others' fields and surround the settlement.

dispersed

settlement pattern with people living relatively far from each other on their farms

linear settlement

 a rural land use pattern that creates a long, narrow settlement around a river, coast, or road that looks like a line

surveying

examining and measuring the surface of the Earth for planning, preparing to build, or mapping

metes and bounds

a system of describing parcels of land where the metes are the lines (including angle and distance that surround the property) and bound describes features such as a river or public road

long lot

a rural land use pattern that divides land into long, narrow lined up along a waterway or road

township and range

a system of dividing large parcels of where the townships describe how far north or south from the center point

fertile crescent

a crescent-shaped area in Southwest Asia where settled farming first began to emerge leading leading to the rise of cities

colombian exchange

a widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres that was launched by Columbus's voyages

first agricultural revolution

 time when people first domesticate plants and animals which allows people to live in one place

domestication

the process of taming plants or animals for human use

agricultural hearths

The separate locations in which groups of people  began to domesticate plants and animals.

second agricultural revolution

coincides with the Industrial Revolution; increasing yield and access through machines and transportation, caused by the industrial revolution and the enclosure movement

enclosure movement

Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers.

urbanization

Mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories.

green revolution

 the spread of new technologies like high yield seeds and chemical fertilizers to the developing world in the 1960s and 1970s

biotechnology

is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value

subsistence agriculture

only enough food is cultivated to survive (no surplus)

commerical agriculture

the production of crop for sale and profit

monoculture

Growing one crop in a farm system at a given time

mono-cropping

Growing one crop in a farm system year after year.

bid-rent theory

a geographic theory that states the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases

commodity chain

activities involved in the creation of a product: design, production of raw materials, manufacturing and assembly, distribution

agribuisness

system of commercial agriculture that links various industries to the farm

economies of scale

cost advantages that come producing a large amount of an item

Von Thünen’s model

helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market

Von Thünen’s rings distribute various farming activities into concentric rings around a central market city

global supply chain

a worldwide network to maximize profits in production

export commodity

goods sent from one country to another for sale ( Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities including Haitian coffee, Sri Lankan Tea, and Cuban Sugar)

pollution

process by which soil is contaminated by chemicalsla

land cover change

process by which agricultural areas are lost to development

conservation

the protection of wildlife and natural resources

deforastation

desertification

the process of a dry area becoming drier and losing vegetation

irrigation

moving water to where you need it

draining wet

pastoral nomadism

herding animals and migrating with them to find pasture areas without a permanent pasture area

soil salinization

the slow build up of salt in soil, particularly in irrigated areas, that makes soil unable to grow plants

terrace farming

method of growing crops on the sides of hills or mountains by planting on man-made steps (terraces)

changing diets

MDCs continue their demand for meat, LDCs see an increase in their demand for meat, as well as convenient, processed food.

agricultural biotechnology

the use of scientific tools and techniques to modify plants and animals (Pesticide resistant crops, Antibiotics, Biofuels)

gmo

plants or animals whose DNA has been genetically modified, often through a combination of DNA from similar plant or animal species for desired traits.

aquaculture

raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries

value added foods

foods that have increased in value due to alterations in production, size, shape, appearance, location, and/or convenience

organic farming

crops produced without the use synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or genetically engineered seeds

fair trade

trade between MDC and LDC in which fair prices are paid to the producers

community supported agriculture (CSA)

individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that growers and consumers provide mutual support

urban farming

integrating growing crops or raising animals into an urban ecosystem

dietary shifts

movement from processed foods, meat, and sugars towards one more based in fruits and vegetables

food insecurity

the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

food desert

geographic area where large grocery stores are scarce or missing and residents have limited access to fresh nutritious foods. Typically found in urban, low-income neighborhoods