1.2 - Developments in Islam

What similarity did China and the Islamic world share?

Both had invaders in Central Asia.

What role did the Egyptian Mamluks play in the Islamic world?

They were ethnically Turk slaves who rose through the ranks and eventually overthrew the Egyptian government.

What impact did Portuguese sea trade routes have on the Mamluks?

It led to a decline in the Mamluks' sugar and cotton trade between Europe and the Islamic world.

Who overthrew the Abbasids?

Mongols, but before Seljuk Turks played into authority

What change did the rise of the sultan bring to Islamic governance?

More secular forms of government.

Who stopped both Seljuk and Mongol rule?

Mamluks

What happened to Anatolia after the Seljuk Turks fell?

Ottomans got it and divided it into emirates. (Byz → Seljuk Turks → Ottomans)

What was the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?

Forcibly recruited boys of non-Muslims were educated and converted to become bureaucrats, Janissary troops, or clergy.

Which empire did the Ottomans destroy; when did it fall?

Byzantine Empire; 1453

What were the Ottoman sultans claiming?

They claimed the status of a caliph.

Who limited Christian access to the Holy Land, sparking the Crusades?

Seljuk Turks

What privilege did first-born sons have in the Christian sphere? What did this lead to?

Premigenture - first-born priviledge, had property rights. Other sons were useless and burdens on economy, led to encouragement to fighting in the Crusades

What was one effect of the Crusades on Europe?

Increased desire for Middle Eastern goods, leading to further trade.

Why did Venice attack Constantinople?

They were jealous over Constantinople's trade.

What was the Hanseatic League?

Merchant guilds that had protection against piracy and securing economic interests and trade routes in German and Scandinavian cities.

What technology diffused from China to Europe, influencing intellectual development?

Paper-making

How did diasporic communities spread Islam?

Through marriages and influence in trade networks.

What mathematical advancements came out of math during the Islamic Golden Age?

al-Tusi: made basic trig. also accurate astronomical charts

Who pioneered social sciences in the Islamic world?

Ibn Khaldun

Name 2 Sufi poets mentioned

Rumi and ‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

What are dhows?

Maritime technology that allowed for more trade and open water navigation.

How was slavery structured in the Islamic world?

Didn't have hereditary slaves, against Islam. if slave converted, was freed

What freedoms did enslaved women have in Islamic World?

can go on errands and market, can perform/dance to unrelated men, gaining money out of slavery

What custom did Muslims and Hindus practice in India and Southeast Asia?

Purdah: custom of seclusion. shows how culture still influenced religion practiced in region

What was the significance of the Battle of Tours?

Defeat of Muslim forces halted rapid Islamic growth in Europe.