L11: anesthesia in different ages

what minimum age must an animal be to fast them for anesthesia?

older than 6 weeks

how long do you fast neonate patients for prior to surgery?

2 hours

what is the minimum blood analysis that must be done on a neonate patient before surgery?

1. PCV

2. total protein

3. glucose

rank in order from best to worst: infusion of a neonate

1. IV line

2. intraosseus infusion

3. SC

what drugs do we want to avoid using for premedication of a neonate?

1. alpha-2 agonists

2. acepromazine

what drugs can we use to premedicate a neonate patient?

1. benzodiazopines

2. opioids

why is fentanyl preferred over morphine to premedicate a neonate patient?

more predicatble respiratory effect

what is important to know if you plan to use an anticholinergic to premedicate a neonate?

patient wont react to drug until they are 11-14 days old

what inhalant is preferred if using mask induction on a neonate?

sevoflurane

what neonate patient is it better to do anesthetic induction via an injectable?

patients with respiratory disorders or dyspnea

what are the two ways that we can induce a neonate?

1. mask induction

2. injectable

what drugs can we use to induce a neonate patient?

1. propofol

2. alfaxalone

3. ketamine

which drug can be administered IM in a neonate for anesthesia induction?

alfaxolone

what fluids will we use for a neonate patient?

2.5% glucose in LRS

what type of breathing system will we use in neonates?

re-breathing (below 7kg)

what analgesic agent are we going to avoid in neonates under 12 weeks?

NSAIDS

what opioids will we use for analgesia in neonates?

1. buprenorphine

2. butorophol

what protocols do we do post-op for neonates?

1. temperature control

2. glycemic control

3. restore feeding and normal behavior ASAP

what are common comorbidities in geriatric patients undergoing anesthesia?

1. cardiac

2. renal

3. respiratory

4. endocrine diseases

what drug for premedication cannot be reveresed?

acepromazine

which premedication in geriatric patients do we avoid or use in MINIMAL doses?

alpha-2 agonists

what drugs can we use to premed geriatric patients?

1. benzodiazepines

2. acepromazine

what do we have to be careful of if we use acepromazine as a premedication in a geriatric patient?

hypotension

what drugs do we use to induce a geriatric patient?

1. propofol

2. alfaxalone

3. etomidate

4. ketamine and benzodiazepine

what type of induction do we want to avoid in geriatric patients?

mask induction

which inhalant anesthesias can we use for maintenace in a geriatric patient?

1. isoflurane

2. sevoflurane

what do we do for post-op care in geriatric patients?

1. analgesia

2. bedding

3. warm up patient

what things do we have to consider for anesthesia in a pregnant animal?

1. they have reduced cardiac reserve

2. avoid hypotension

3. ventilation impaired

4. high risk of regurgitation

what does the fetus depend on the mom for that we must consider for anesthesia?

maternal oxygenation, perfusion, and ventilation

what ASA status is a pregnant animal?

ASA 2

when considering anesthesia of a pregnant animal, what are the fetal risks if mom is in early gestation?

1. teratogenesis

2. spontaneous abortion

when considering anesthesia of a pregnant animal, what are the fetal risks if mom is in mid gestation?

considered the safest period

when considering anesthesia of a pregnant animal, what are the fetal risks if mom is in late gestation?

1. preterm labor

2. fetal death

what do we want when choosing an anesthetic agen for a pregnant animal?

1. low dose

2. reduced MAC

what sedatives can we use for a pregnant animal?

1. benzodiazepines (not for C-section)

2. alpha-agonists

which benzodiazepine is preferred for anesthesia of a pregnant animal?

midazolam

what injectable anesthetics can we used for anesthesia in pregnant animal?

1. alfaxalone

2. propofol

3. ketamine (not C-section)

what analgesics can we use in pregnant animals?

1. opioids

2. local anesthetics

when can we not use NSAIDS in a pregnant animal?

late gestation

when is an animal considered geriatric?

when they have reached 75% of their breed-specific expected life span

neonate

birth to weaning (about 4 weeks)

pediatric

until 12 weeks

what is the oxygen demand in neonates?

2-3x higher → increased minute volume → increased resp rate → VT

what features of neonates make them have an increased risk of airway obstruction?

1. large tongue

2. narrow upper airways

when is the hepatic system of an animal considered mature?

12 weeks

when do animals have an immature reduced GFR?

first 2-3 weeks of life

when do animals have slower tubular secretion?

first 4-8 weeks of life

how does progesterone in pregnant animals affect the respiratory system?

increased sensitivity to CO2 → increased minute volume → decreased PaCO2

how is arterial blood pressure affected during pregnancy?

1. increased cardiac output

2. decreased peripheral vascular resistance