AP Human Geography Unit 4

APHuG Pre-Exam Cram

antecedent boundary

drawn before major settlement and development of cultural identity

autonomous region

defined area within a state with a high degree of self-governance

semi-autonomous region

defined area within a state with some degree of self-governance

berlin conference

european powers met to decide how to divide africa amongst themselves, leading to the construction of superimposed and geometric boundaries

exclave

territories which are geographically separate from the rest of the state

centrifugal forces

push factors that lead to failed states, stateless nations, uneven development, ethnic nationalist movements

centripetal forces

attractive factors that lead to ethnonationalism, equitable infrastructure, cultural cohesion

choke point

physical geography causing difficulty in trade; limits access to people, land, resources; crucial access points for other countries

colonialism

claiming and settling in territories to exert economic and social control

compact state

smaller boundaries per total area

consequent boundary

accommodates existing cultural, linguistic, religious, ethnic differences

contiguous zone

24 nm. from baseline

de facto boundary

not set by treaty or similar agreement, recognized by all states involved; able to enforce laws and defend

demilitarized zone

military presence has been removed

devolution

state breaks up into smaller units, passing power down governing bodies

elongated state

long, narrow, stretching in one direction

ethnic cleansing

forced removal or extermination of minorities to create a homogenous region

ethnonationalism

national identity based on shared ethnicity

enclave

country whose borders are located within another country’s borders

exclusive economic zone

rights for resources, 200 nm. from baseline

failed/fragile state

unable to perform basic government responsibilities, lacks proper authority over land

nation

group with common culture, ethnicity, language, history, homeland

federal state

decentralized government structure, unites political entities into one overarching system allowing a degree of local sovereignty

first order civil division

largest general purpose administration/government within a state

forward thrust capital

capital city relocated to a specific area for an intended purpose

fragmented state

several non-contiguous pieces of territory

frontier

border dividing empty country

geometric boundary

superimposed or antecedent, straight lines, can be based on latitude and longitude

gerrymandering

redistricting by majority in power to give partisan advantage

imperialism

creating an empire by exerting force to control other nations from afar

international waters

areas of the sea that are not under the jurisdiction of any country

irredentism

political nationalist movement to reclaim and reoccupy territory with ethnic history

landlocked

surrounded by land with no access to water

maritime boundary

legal boundaries that establish state jurisdiction over adjacent sea areas

multinational state

state with several nations within borders, often with one majority

nation-state

state borders coincide with nation; tend to be homogenous, small, and isolated

prorupted state

one part of the land stretching out way past the rest of the central country

perforated state

state that completely surrounds another

redistricting

internal political boundaries redrawn after census to account for changes in population

relic boundary

no longer used for intended purpose, but still holds significance

self-determination

right to govern oneself

separatism

political movement for independence for a particular group within a larger entity

shatter belt

several countries under the influence of larger power, leading to conflict and instability

sovereignty

right of a state to rule itself

state/country

political area with established government, authority over internal affairs, foreign policy

stateless nation

national group spread amongst several states in which they are a minority

superimposed boundary

drawn by outside powers without consideration for existing social, cultural ethnic boundaries

supranational organization

several countries gather for mutual political, environmental, militaristic, economic benefit

territorial sea

country’s sovereignty stretches 12 nm. from the baseline

territoriality

connection of people, culture, economic systems to land

terrorism

use of violence against civilians by non-state organizations to achieve political, religious, ideological goals

subsequent boundary

drawn after areas develop cultural identity

united nations convention on the law of the sea

settles maritime disputes between countries and establishes rights and responsibilities

unitary state

governing power held by national government, usually small and homogenous