Video: Historical Perspectives, Definitions, and Roles in Nursing

A vocabulary-style set of flashcards covering key terms, people, periods, and concepts from the nursing history and definitions lecture.

Nursing as Art and Science (Nightingale, 1859)

Nursing is both an art requiring exclusive devotion and a science grounded in formal study, skill, creativity, and compassionate service.

Notes on Nursing (1859)

Nightingale’s work framing nursing as the science of optimizing the patient’s environment to aid recovery.

Environment of Care (Nightingale concept)

Controllable environmental factors that influence healing, including air quality, cleanliness, light, noise, and nutrition.

Tanner’s Noticing Phase

A stage in Tanner’s framework emphasizing perception of cues to inform clinical judgment.

Lasater’s Experiential Learning

Learning through direct practice to build and refine clinical judgment.

Nursing Uniforms as Identity

Traditional dresses, aprons, and caps symbolizing discipline, professionalism, and formal training.

Hospitals (historical setting)

Long wards emphasizing hygiene and standardized care; birthplace of infection control practices.

Home Care (historical setting)

Personalized bedside care in domestic settings guided by informal knowledge.

War Zones (historical setting)

Military nursing focusing on trauma and resource-limited care requiring resilience.

Religious Calling in Nursing

Nursing as service within religious communities; fosters charity but may limit professional autonomy.

Apprenticeship Model of Learning

On-the-job learning where newcomers train by observation and imitation, with little formal theory.

Subordination to Physicians

Historically, nurses followed doctors’ orders rather than exercising independent clinical judgment.

Florence Nightingale

Pioneer of modern nursing, Crimean War sanitation reforms, author of Notes on Nursing, and “Lady with the Lamp.”

Kaiserwerth School of Nursing (1836)

Deaconess School founded by Theodore Fliedner; an early model of formal nursing education.

Nightingale School of Nursing (1860)

First official nursing education program at St. Thomas’ Hospital, establishing formal education.

Clara Barton

Founder of the American Red Cross; humanitarian leader expanding nursing’s role in disaster response.

Linda Richards

First formally trained nurse in the US; helped shape nursing education and hospital systems.

Mary Eliza Mahoney

First African American professionally trained nurse in the US; co-founded NACGN for diversity advocacy.

Lavinia Dock

Advocate for nursing education reform and public health; co-founder of ANA; emphasized history and advocacy.

Isabel Hampton Robb

Pioneer in standardized curricula and higher education; helped establish ANA and ICN and advocated a 3-year program.

ANA (American Nurses Association)

Professional organization promoting nursing standards, ethics, and practice.

ICN (International Council of Nurses)

Global federation shaping international nursing practice and policy.

ICN Definition 2002

Nursing includes autonomous and collaborative care across all ages and settings, with roles in health promotion, illness prevention, advocacy, research, and education.

Virginia Henderson Definition

Nursing’s unique function is to assist individuals in performing activities contributing to health or recovery, unaided if possible.

14 Basic Needs (Henderson)

Fourteen fundamental needs (e.g., breathing, eating, mobility, hygiene, safety, communication) to restore independence.

Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations

Nursing as a therapeutic, growth-promoting relationship between nurse and patient.

Orem’s Self-Care Deficit

Nursing supports individuals who are unable to perform self-care activities."

Roy’s Adaptation Model

Nursing helps individuals adapt to stimuli and maintain functional balance.

Watson’s Caring Science

Nursing as transpersonal caring that honors dignity, meaning, and interconnectedness.

Holism in Nursing

Approach addressing physical, emotional, social, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of patients.

NANDA-I, NIC, NOC (Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes)

Standardized nursing diagnoses and related terminologies guiding care and evaluation.

Nursing Education Post-WWII

Shift of nursing education to colleges/universities with emphasis on evidence-based practice and advanced degrees.

APRNs (Advanced Practice Registered Nurses)

Nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists with expanded clinical responsibilities.

Dark Age of Nursing

Nursing viewed as a low-status, poorly educated occupation often dominated by untrained workers.

Educative Period / Nightingale Era

Period when nursing moved from informal care to formal education and theory-driven practice.

Postwar Scientific Advances

Antibiotics, vaccines, diagnostics, and electronic health records transforming nursing practice.

Expanded Roles in Contemporary Nursing

Nurses as leaders in policy, research, education, and population health; emphasis on evidence-based practice.

Philippine Nursing Act (RA 9173)

Law governing nursing practice in the Philippines, including licensure and scope of practice.

PRC Licensure

Nurses must pass a national licensure examination overseen by the PRC and Board of Nursing.

Trephining

Primitive skull drilling procedure reflecting early intersections of ritual and medicine.