p2) looking west

How did England change in the sixteenth and seventeen century, in terms of **religion**?

England became Protestant in 1534 under Henry VIII, leading to catholic persecution causing migration from England to America.

How did England change in the sixteenth and seventeen century, in terms of **war**?

Conflict with the Spanish in the sixteenth century involved many sea-based skirmishes. By late eighteenth century, England was at war with Americans who fought for independence

How did England change in the sixteenth and seventeen century, in terms of **government**?

From 1603, after King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England, England and Scotland were ruled by the same person.

What was the 1707 Act of Union?

Legal legislation that united both Scotland and England

How did England change in the sixteenth and seventeen century, in terms of **ideas**?

Renaissance era meant developments in art and culture across Europe, influences across Europe to England. New ideas included ‘discovering’ new lands.

How did England change in the sixteenth and seventeen century, in terms of **science and technology**?

Developments in navigation and faster, well-armed ships meant explorers were able to travel and migrate around the world more easily.

When did Christopher Columbus reach the Bahamas?

1492

How did England change in the sixteenth and seventeen century, in terms of **economic resources**?

Discovery of exotic goods, tobacco and sugar, lead migration to the Caribbean and America

How did England change in the sixteenth and seventeen century, in terms of **individuals**?

Walter Raleigh and John Hawkins began opening England up to the world for personal profit, prestige and favour.

What was England’s first involvement in the Caribbean through?

Piracy and Plunder

By the sixteenth century, what countries had colonised much of Americas?

Spain and Portugal

What did Spain and Portugal have in much of the Americas by the sixteenth century?

Monopoly on trade

How did the British take advantage of Spain and Portugal’s colonies?

They pirated ships voyaging back to Spain and Portugal.

What was privateering?

Licensing sailors to rob and attack Spanish ships.

Why did Queen Elizabeth I introduce privateering?

To damage Spain and gain wealth for England

Why was smuggling become profitable for merchants?

Trade monopoly meant that anyone trading with the Spanish Caribbean colonies had to pay a tax to Spanish authorities.

What did Hawkins do in 1562?

Led a successful raid on the Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa, capturing goods and enslaving 300 Africans. Smuggled them into the Caribbean to the island of Santa Domingo, to sell for a huge sum

When was slave trade banned by parliament?

1807

What was the Barbados the first English Caribbean colony to do?

Became dominated by sugar plantations that used enslaved African labour

When was Barbados established as an English colony?

1627

Who establish Barbados as an English colony?

William Courten

What did the Caribbean islands offer opportunities for?

Grow crops that could not be cultivated in England, as climate was ideal for growing sugar cane - great opportunity for fortunes to be made.

What were indentured servants?

Poor people who had travelled to the Americas trying to find opportunities to own some land and improve their lives

Who religious group mostly migrated to the Barbados, and why?

Quakers, because their religious views caused them troubles in England

By what year did the demand for sugar increase, and how much of Barbados was planted with sugar cane?

1667, as 80% of Barbados was planted with sugar cane.

Why were sugar plantations developed?

Growing sugar required expensive equipment, large plot of land, lots of labour.

Who were the sugar plantations owned by?

Wealth English men and women, who used slave labour to farm them.

What did the success of Barbados lead to?

English government sanctioning the capture of Jamaica from Spain

When did Jamaica become a English colony?

1655

Why did slave trade develop after 1700?

Increased demand in British colonies, and growing number of plantations in West Indies and British America.

Where was The Royal African Company granted monopoly to supply slaves from, and where to, in 1672?

Supply from West Africa, to Caribbean and Americas

Between 1672 - 1689, how many Africans were enslaved and trafficked?

100,000 Africans were captured and trafficked across the Atlantic

What factor significantly drove the slave trade?

Increased demand for foreign products to Europe, like sugar in the Caribbean, rice from South Carolina, and tobacco from Virginia.

In 1700, how much sugar was unloaded at British docks?

23,000 tons.

By 1800, how much sugar was unloaded at British docks?

245,000 tons

Overall, how many Africans did the British traffick?

approximately 3 million enslaved Africans

How many enslaved Africans died, and why?

1 out of 6, due to dreadful conditions on the ships

What happened to British companies and individuals that took part in the slave trade?

They became wealthy

Why did plantation and slave owners become wealthy?

Low cost, and high yield of slave labour

What did plantation and slave owners use their wealth for?

Buy luxury goods, build buildings, buy influence in parliament, commission works of art, (some did philanthropic work)

What British cities benefited the most from slave trade?

Liverpool and Bristol

How did slave trade boost other types of trade and business?

Created thousands of jobs as raw materials produced by enslaved Africans manufactured in Britain into goods - most generating huge profits when sold.

What were some ways in which slave trade impacted Britain socially?

way of living, racial injustice, social divide, economic damage to West Africa, population

How were the ways of living impacted by slave trade?

Raw materials brought into Britain changed the food they ate regularly, and the clothing worn.

How was social divide introduced via slave trade?

Some believed that slavery was wrong, setting the Abolition Movement

What was the Abolition Movement?

Movement set out to change British Law and make slavery illegal.

What opposition did the Abolition movement face?

Plantation and slave owners in Parliament argued strongly for keeping the slave trade, some even argued slave trade benefited those encaptured

When was slave trade finally abolished by Parliament?

1807

When was slave ownership banned altogether?

1833

What happened to slave owners once slavery was abolished?

They were paid substantial compensation, no reparations to those enslaved

When was the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica?

1865

What was the Morant Bay Rebellion about?

Ongoing injustices towards Black people

How was population growth impacted by slave trade?

by 1850, Africa’s population halved

How was West Africa impacted by slavery?

Economically and socially damaged by the enslavement of its people.

What was the first British colony in America?

Virgina

Who established Virginia and when?

Walter Raleigh, 1587

When did Walter Raleigh voyage the Americas?

1570s

What did Raleigh do in 1584?

Sent a group of English settlers to Roanoke Island, but failed

When did Raleigh’s group of English settlers regroup after failing a first time in 1584?

1587

What did Raleigh receive permission for in 1585?

Received royal permission to establish an English colony on the East Coast of North America, calling it Virginia (after the Queen)

What were the causes of British colonisation of America in the seventeenth century mostly made of?

Economic and religious reasons

Why did people chose to migrate to America from Britain?

Economic problems in Britain and economic opportunities in America

What were the economic problems in Britain?

high unemployment, wealth inequity seen though how land was owned by few people and land was expensive to buy, failed harvests

What were economic opportunities in America?

Vast areas of land (sell back to England for profit), buying passage to America and settling was cheaper than buying land in Britain.

Between 1630 and 1641, how many puritans migrated to America?

80,000

What were religious struggles in Britain since Reformation in 1530?

Christian groups such as Puritans, Quakers and Catholics suffered religious prosecution

Why was America attractive to Christian groups (eg. Puritans, Protestant, Quakers)?

The chance of settling somewhere where the Church of England had no interference was attractive.

What were the two earliest settlements in British colonies?

Jamestown, Plymouth

Why did indentured servants migrate to America?

People realised as they settled in British America, that they needed workers to help them farm the land

How did the migration of indentured servants to America work?

Travel was paid for, and they received housing and food upon arrival in exchange for labour for a set period (usually 4-7 years)

What happened to indentured servants once they finished their set labour periods?

They were free to buy and work their own land

Who were indentured servants replaced by when they travelled to America, and why?

Slaves, it was more profitable

What were relations initially like between colonies of Jamestown, New Plymouth, and Massachusetts and indigenous tribes?

Positive, there were intermarriages too.

How did relations between the indigenous tribes and colonies progress?

Tuned sour, due to British mistreatment of Indigenous Americans. Raids and massacres became common, British settlers took more land

What impact did British colonisation have on indigenous tribes?

introduced new diseases such as smallpox and measles, Indigenous tribes were displaced and had to find new land, or adapt to new European customs

How many Indigenous Americans were there in British territories in 1500?

560,000

How many Indigenous Americans were there in British territories in 1700?

Less than 280,000

How many colonies were there on the East coast?

13

What was the American War of Independence?

Dispute between Americans and British that started over taxes.

What were the 13 colonies described to have a lot of?

Autonomy - the people of the colonies made most of the decisions on how their colony was run through local assemblies

What was the Seven Years War, 1756-63?

fought in defence of British colonies, including North America.

What did the Seven Years War mean for taxes?

As the war was expensive, British MPs thought that American colonists should pay tax to Britain for debts incurred.

What was the American response to the first attempt from the British Government to tax the American colonies directly?

Resisted the tax, as they did not have any representation in the British Parliament

What was the phrase coined by American settlers to resist taxes from British?

“No taxation without representation”

What was the first attempt by the British government to directly tax the American colonies?

The Stamp Act of 1765

What was The Stamp Act of 1765 replaced with?

new taxes in 1767

What did new taxes in 1767 lead to?

Protests that led to 5 colonists being shot in the Boston Massacre of 1770.

What was the Boston Tea Party, and when did it happen?

In 1773, protestors boarded British ships in Boston, and dumped 342 crates of tea into the harbour.

What did the American War of Independence lead to?

Loss of British’s American colonies

What happened in July 1776?

13 colonies declared their independence from Britain

When and where did the British surrender the American War of independence?

Yorktown, 1781

What marked the end of the American War of Independence?

1783, the signing of the Treaty of Paris

What did the American forces use to beat British forces?

local militia, guerrilla tactics to defeat better equipped and trained British forces.

Name a military leader for the Americans in the American War of Independence.

George Washington

What do America and Britain now share?

The special relationship

By what year was trade with America the same rates as before the war?

1785

Who were the Huguenots?

French Protestants

What happened in between 1560 and 1590 in France?

France experiences a series of civil wars, ruling French Catholics persecuted the minority groups of Huguenots

What was the Edict of Nantes?

Established religious freedom for Hugenots in France

When did hostilities for Huguenots reach their peak?

1572