VCE Biology Unit 1 Chapter 2 Jacaranda Nature of Biology

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Telophase

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: Nuclear membrane forms around each group of single- stranded chromosomes → chromosomes decondense.

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Repair

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: The replacement of old and damaged cells is important to prevent diseases.

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52 Terms

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Telophase

: Nuclear membrane forms around each group of single- stranded chromosomes → chromosomes decondense.

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Repair

: The replacement of old and damaged cells is important to prevent diseases.

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Potency

: Cell’s ability to differentiate into various cell types.

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Unipotent

: Differentiate into one cell type in a certain tissue repeatedly.

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Anaphase

: Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the spindle.

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Growth

: Needs more cells, cells can not become larger because size is limited.

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Procreation

: Some species rely on cell replication to survive.

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Apoptosis

: Programmed cell death as a regular part of an organisms development.

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G2 checkpoint

: Replicated DNA is examined for completeness and lack of damage.

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Self renewable

: Maintains stem cell pool.

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Prophase

: Chromosomes condense → visible as double stranded structures.

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Binary fission

: Cell multiplication for prokaryotes.

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M checkpoint

: Ensures sister chromatids are attached to the correct microtubules of the spindle.

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Metaphase

: Double stranded chromosomes line up at the cells equator.

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Cytokinesis

: The cytoplasm divides, forming new membranes and enclosing the daughter cells.

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Interphase

: period of DNA replication.

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Mitosis

: The organisation and separation of chromosomes.

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G1 checkpoint

: DNA is checked to be damaged or incomplete → if so, enters G0 stage to be destroyed.

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Growth

Needs more cells, cells cannot become larger because size is limited

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Repair

The replacement of old and damaged cells is important to prevent diseases

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Procreation

Some species rely on cell replication to survive

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Binary fission

Cell multiplication for prokaryotes

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Step 1 of Binary Fission

The circular DNA chromosome replicates and the cell elongates

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Step 2 of Binary Fission

The two circular chromosomes move to each side of the cell

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Step 3 of Binary Fission

The cell membrane splits into two, a new cell wall (called a septum) forms and breaks in the middle to form two daughter cells

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Eukaryotic Cell cycle

The sequence of events of cell growth and reproduction for two daughter cells to form

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Interphase

period of DNA replication

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Gap 1 (G1) stage

Growth occurs which leads to an increased amount of cytosol

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Synthesis (S) Stage

The parent cell’s DNA is replicated and it will have two identical DNA copies

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Gap 2 (G2) Stage

Further cell growth to prepare for cell division

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Mitosis

The organisation and separation of chromosomes

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Prophase

Chromosomes condense → visible as double stranded structures

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Metaphase

Double stranded chromosomes line up at the cells equator

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Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the spindle

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Telophase

Nuclear membrane forms around each group of single-stranded chromosomes → chromosomes decondense

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Cytokinesis

The cytoplasm divides, forming new membranes and enclosing the daughter cells

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Animal cells during cytokinesis

Cytoplasm between two nuclei becomes narrow → cell membrane pinches to separate nuclei + cytoplasm into two new daughter cells

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Plant cells during cytokinesis

Cell plate forms between chromosome groups → develops into one cell wall for each new cell

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G1 checkpoint

DNA is checked to be damaged or incomplete → if so, enters G0 stage to be destroyed

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G2 checkpoint

Replicated DNA is examined for completeness and lack of damage

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M checkpoint

Ensures sister chromatids are attached to the correct microtubules of the spindle

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death as a regular part of an organisms development

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Cell differentiation

cells become specialised for a specific function

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Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into organ or tissue specific cells

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Differentiation

Replacement of dead + damaged cells

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Embryonic stem cells

Can differentiate into many different cell types

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Adult tissue stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into related cell types

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Potency

Cells ability to differentiate into various cell types

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Totipotent stem cells

Can become any cell type or another embryo

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Multipotent stem cells

Give rise to multiple cell types that are related to the family of cells

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Oligopotent stem cells

Differentiate into a few cell types

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Unipotent

Differentiate into one cell type in a certain tissue repeatedly