VCE Biology Unit 1 Chapter 2 Jacaranda Nature of Biology

Telophase

________: Nuclear membrane forms around each group of single- stranded chromosomes → chromosomes decondense.

Repair

________: The replacement of old and damaged cells is important to prevent diseases.

Potency

________: Cell’s ability to differentiate into various cell types.

Unipotent

________: Differentiate into one cell type in a certain tissue repeatedly.

Anaphase

________: Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the spindle.

Growth

________: Needs more cells, cells can not become larger because size is limited.

Procreation

________: Some species rely on cell replication to survive.

Apoptosis

________: Programmed cell death as a regular part of an organisms development.

G2 checkpoint

________: Replicated DNA is examined for completeness and lack of damage.

Self renewable

________: Maintains stem cell pool.

Prophase

________: Chromosomes condense → visible as double stranded structures.

Binary fission

________: Cell multiplication for prokaryotes.

M checkpoint

________: Ensures sister chromatids are attached to the correct microtubules of the spindle.

Metaphase

________: Double stranded chromosomes line up at the cells equator.

Cytokinesis

________: The cytoplasm divides, forming new membranes and enclosing the daughter cells.

Interphase

________: period of DNA replication.

Mitosis

________: The organisation and separation of chromosomes.

G1 checkpoint

________: DNA is checked to be damaged or incomplete → if so, enters G0 stage to be destroyed.

Growth

Needs more cells, cells cannot become larger because size is limited

Repair

The replacement of old and damaged cells is important to prevent diseases

Procreation

Some species rely on cell replication to survive

Binary fission

Cell multiplication for prokaryotes

Step 1 of Binary Fission

The circular DNA chromosome replicates and the cell elongates

Step 2 of Binary Fission

The two circular chromosomes move to each side of the cell

Step 3 of Binary Fission

The cell membrane splits into two, a new cell wall (called a septum) forms and breaks in the middle to form two daughter cells

Eukaryotic Cell cycle

The sequence of events of cell growth and reproduction for two daughter cells to form

Interphase

period of DNA replication

Gap 1 (G1) stage

Growth occurs which leads to an increased amount of cytosol

Synthesis (S) Stage

The parent cell’s DNA is replicated and it will have two identical DNA copies

Gap 2 (G2) Stage

Further cell growth to prepare for cell division

Mitosis

The organisation and separation of chromosomes

Prophase

Chromosomes condense → visible as double stranded structures

Metaphase

Double stranded chromosomes line up at the cells equator

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the spindle

Telophase

Nuclear membrane forms around each group of single-stranded chromosomes → chromosomes decondense

Cytokinesis

The cytoplasm divides, forming new membranes and enclosing the daughter cells

Animal cells during cytokinesis

Cytoplasm between two nuclei becomes narrow → cell membrane pinches to separate nuclei + cytoplasm into two new daughter cells

Plant cells during cytokinesis

Cell plate forms between chromosome groups → develops into one cell wall for each new cell

G1 checkpoint

DNA is checked to be damaged or incomplete → if so, enters G0 stage to be destroyed

G2 checkpoint

Replicated DNA is examined for completeness and lack of damage

M checkpoint

Ensures sister chromatids are attached to the correct microtubules of the spindle

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death as a regular part of an organisms development

Cell differentiation

cells become specialised for a specific function

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into organ or tissue specific cells

Differentiation

Replacement of dead + damaged cells

Embryonic stem cells

Can differentiate into many different cell types

Adult tissue stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into related cell types

Potency

Cells ability to differentiate into various cell types

Totipotent stem cells

Can become any cell type or another embryo

Multipotent stem cells

Give rise to multiple cell types that are related to the family of cells

Oligopotent stem cells

Differentiate into a few cell types

Unipotent

Differentiate into one cell type in a certain tissue repeatedly