HIST 1003 Exam 2 Heather Thorton

Serfs

Peasants bound to the land who owed labor and services to their lords

Robot

Compulsory labor service required of serfs in Eastern Europe.

Junkers

Prussian nobles

Hohenzollerns

Ruling family of Prussia

False Dmitris

Impostors who claimed to be the murdered son of Ivan IV during Russia's Time of Troubles.

Time of Troubles (1584-1613)

Period of Russian political chaos, famine, and foreign invasion between dynasties.

Romanov

the Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917

Frederick William, the Great Elector:

Austrian ruler who unified bradenburg-prussia; strengthened the army and bureaucracy

Frederick William I, the Soldier King

built a disciplined army and centralized authority in militarized Prussia.

Frederick the Great

expanded the Prussian territory and promoted enlightened absolutism

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

First Russian tsar; centralized power through terror and expansion

Peter the Great

Modernized Russia, westernized its institutions, and built St. petersburg

Tsar or Czar

Title for Russian monarch meaning "Caesar"

Henri IV

first bourbon king of France; issued the edict of Nantes, granting religious tolerance

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII; strengthened royal power and weakened nobility

French Academy

Institution founded by Richelieu to regulate the French language and culture.

Intendants

Royal officials who administered provinces for the French crown.

The Fronde (1643-1655)

Series of aristocratic and popular revolts against royal authority in France.

Versailles

Grand palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing absolute monarchy.

Hall of Mirrors

The Main ceremonial gallery in Versailles used for royal audiences.

Alsace-Lorraine

Region contested between France and Germany; annexed multiple times.

War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713)

Conflict over control of Spain's throne; ended with the Treaty of Utrecht.

Louis XV (1710-1774)

French king whose weak rule preceded the Revolution.

Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

Global conflict between major European powers; often called the first 'world war.'

Louis XVI (1754-1793)

Last Bourbon king before the Revolution; executed for treason.

Marie Antoinette (1755-1793)

Queen of France; unpopular for extravagance; executed during the Revolution.

Gabelle

French tax on salt, symbolic of royal oppression.

Estates General (1789)

French representative assembly of clergy, nobility, and commoners.

Bourgeoisie

Wealthy middle class; leaders in commerce, industry, and revolutionary movements.

Proletariat

Working class dependent on wages and factory labor.

Charles I (1625-1649)

English king executed after conflict with Parliament.

Forced Loan

Money demanded by Charles I without Parliament's consent.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury who enforced Anglican conformity.

Bishop's War

Conflict between Charles I and Scotland over religious reforms.

National Covenant

Scottish pledge to defend Presbyterianism against royal interference.

Long Parliament

Session of Parliament (1640-1660) that limited royal power.

Grand Remonstrance

Parliamentary list of grievances against Charles I.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of Parliamentary forces; ruled as Lord Protector.

New Model Army

Disciplined Parliamentary army in the English Civil War.

Regicide

Execution of a monarch, especially Charles I in 1649.

Eikon Basilike

A Propaganda book portraying Charles I as a martyr.

Cavaliers

Royalist supporters of Charles I during the Civil War.

Convention Parliament

1660 assembly that restored the monarchy under Charles II.

Charles II (1660-1685)

Restored the English monarchy after Cromwell's rule.

Act of Uniformity (1662)

Required all English churches to use the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.

James II (1685-1688)

Catholic monarch overthrown in the Glorious Revolution.

Glorious Revolution

1688 overthrow of James II, establishing a constitutional monarchy.

William and Mary, Joint Monarchs

Took the English throne after the Glorious Revolution.

Toleration Act (1689)

Granted freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters.

Bill of Rights (1689)

Defined limits of royal power and affirmed parliamentary authority.

Oath of the Tennis Court

Pledge by the Third Estate to create a new French constitution.

Bastille

Paris fortress stormed on July 14, 1789; symbol of tyranny's fall.

Flight to Varennes

Louis XVI's failed escape attempt, leading to loss of trust.

National Assembly

Revolutionary body formed by the Third Estate in 1789.

Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)

Statement of revolutionary principles of liberty and equality.

Jacobin

Radical political club supporting republicanism and equality.

Guillotine

Device for execution by beheading, symbol of the Revolution.

Maximilien Robespierre

Jacobin leader and architect of the Reign of Terror.

Committee of Public Safety

Revolutionary executive body directing the Reign of Terror.

Republic of Virtue

Robespierre's vision of a moral and civic republic.

Levee en Masse

Mass national conscription for the defense of revolutionary France.

Vendée

Region of royalist rebellion against the revolutionary government.

Constitution of the Year VII (1799)

Established Napoleon as First Consul.

Concordat of 1801

An agreement between Napoleon and the Pope that restored Church relations.

Civil Code (1804)

Napoleon's legal code promoting equality before the law.

Trafalgar (1805)

Naval battle where Britain defeated Napoleon's fleet.

Jena (1806)

Napoleon's victory over Prussia.

Continental System

Napoleon's blockade to weaken Britain's economy.

Guerrilla

Irregular warfare, often employed in Spain against French occupation.

Alexander I

Russian tsar who opposed Napoleon's invasion.

Grand Army

Napoleon's massive multinational invasion force.

Elba

Mediterranean island where Napoleon was first exiled (1814).

Waterloo

The 1815 battle where Napoleon was finally defeated.

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

A diplomatic conference held to restore the European balance of power after Napoleon.

Limited Liability

Legal principle limiting investor loss to the amount invested.

Spinning Jenny

Multi-spindle spinning machine revolutionizing textile production.

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the Spinning Jenny.

James Watt

Improved the steam engine for industrial use.

Stockton and Darlington Railroad (1825)

First public railway using steam locomotives.

Cotton Gin

Machine by Eli Whitney that separated cotton fibers from seeds.

Luddites

Workers who destroyed machinery in protest of industrial job loss.

Factory Act (1833)

British law limiting child labor in factories.

Combination Act (1791)

British law prohibiting worker unions and strikes.

Utopian Socialists

Early reformers advocating cooperative communities.

Robert Owen

Industrialist and reformer promoting cooperative labor.

New Harmony

Owen's experimental socialist community in Indiana.

Karl Marx

Philosopher who founded scientific socialism and communism.

Friedrich Engels

Marx's collaborator; co-author of The Communist Manifesto.

Das Kapital (1867)

Marx's major work analyzing capitalism and class struggle.