BIOCHEM biochemical energy production

Basal metabolic rate BMR

energy expenditure necessary to maintain physiologic functions

Thermogenic effect

effect of heat in the environment

physical activity

the type of activity done by an individual

environmental temperature

temperature in the environment

metabolism

will provide thesource of energy we need for all our activities such as thinking, moving, and breathing

metabolism

sum total of all the chemical reactions in a living organism

catabolism

all metabolic reactions in which large biochemical molecules are broken down to smaller ones

anabolism

all metabolic reactions in which small biochemical molecules are joined to form larger ones

catabolism

usually energy is released in these reactions

anabolism

usually require energy

metabolic pathway

series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product

linear and cyclic

two types of metabolic pathway

anabolic

synthesis/formation of X FROM X, anabolic or catabolic?

catabolic

hydrolysis of X TO X, anabolic or catabolic?

prokaryotic cell

single compartment organism

eukaryotic cell

multi-compartment cell

prokaryotic cell

has no nucleus, found only in bacteria, single circular DNA molecule present near center of the cell called NUCLEOID

eukaryotic cell

DNA is present in the membrane enclosed nucleus, Cell is compartmentalized into CELLULAR ORGANELLES, 1000x larger than bacterial cells

nucleus

DNA replication and RNA synthesis

PLasma membrane

cellular boundary

cytoplasm

the water based material of a eukaryotic cell

mitochondria

generates most of the energy needed for celll

ysome

contain hydrolytic enzymes needed for cell rebuilding,repair, and degradation.

ribosome

sites for protein synthesis

outer membrane

permeable to small molecules, 50% lipid, 50% protein

inner membrane

highly impermeable to most substances, 20% lipid, 80% protein

monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, and cyclic monophosphate

types of adenosine phosphates

Uridine triphosphate UTP

involved in carbohydrate metabolism

guanosine triphosphate GTP

involved in protein and carbohydrayte metabolism

cytidine triphosphate CTP

involved in lipid metabolisim

Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD

a coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox reactions

ribitol

a reduced form of ribose sugar

FAD

oxidized form of FAD

FADH2

reduced form of FAD

high energy compounds

several phosphate containing compounds found in metabolic pathways are known as?

high energy compounds

they have greater free energy of hydrolysis than a typical compound

bond strain

the more negative the free energy of hydrolysis, the greater the?

NAD+

serves as the oxidizing agent in the oxidation of a secondary alcohol to give a ketone

FAD

serves as the oxidizing agent involved in conversion of an alkane to an alkene

digestion, acetyl group formation, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

4 general stages in the biochemical energy production process

Digestion

stage 1

acetyl group formation

stage 2

citric acid cyckle

stage 3

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

stage 4

digestion

begins in mouth

acetyl group formation

the small molecules from stage 1 are further oxidized

acetyl group formation

end product is acetyl CoA

acetyl group formation

reactions occur from both in cytosol as well as in mitochondria of the cell

citric acid cycle

takes place inside the mitochondria

citric acid cycle

in this stage acetyl group is oxidized to produce CO2 and energy

citric acid cycle

the carbon we exhale comes primarily from this stage

citric acid cycle

some energy produced in this stage is lost in the form of heat

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

takes place in mitochondria

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

ATP is the primary energy carrier in metabolic pathways of this stage

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

most of the transportation happens in this stage

citric acid cycle

a series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzymes FADH2, and NADH are produced

Tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA

citric acid is also known as what?

formation of citrate, formation of isocitrate, oxidation of isocitrate and formation of CO2, oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate and formation of CO2, thioester and phosphorylation of GDP, oxidation of succinate, hydration of fumarate, and oxidation of L Malate to regenerate Oxaloacetate

reactions of citric acid cycle

formation of citrate

step 1 of citric acid cycle

formation of isocitrate

step 2 of citric acid cycle

oxidation of isocitrate and formation of CO2

step 3 of citric cycle

oxidation of alpha ketoglutarate and formation of CO2

step 4 of citric cycle

thioester and phosphorylation of GDP

step 5 of citric cycle

oxidation of succinate

step 6 of citric cycle

hydration of fumarate

step 7 of citric cycle

oxidation of L malate to regenerate oxaloacetate

step 8 of citric cycle

atp and nadh levels

the rate at which the citric acid cycle operates is controlled by?

adp and nadh

what controls the isocitrate dehydrogenase?

inhibitor and activator

NADH acts as ____, ADP acts as ______

electron transport chain

facilitates the passage of electrons trapped in FADH2 and NADH during citric acid cycle

respiration

electrons transported to oxygen is absorbed via>

NADH coenzyme q reductase

complex 1

succinate coenzyme Q reductase

complex 2

coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase

complex 3

cytochrome c oxidase

complex 4

complex 1 NADH coenzyme Q reductase

contains 40 subunits

complex 2 Succinate coenzyme Q reductase

contains 4 subunits, needs FADH as a reactant

complex 3 coenzyme q cytochrome c reductase

caontains 11 different subunits, cytochrome is needed as a reactant

complex 4 cytochrome c oxidase

contains 13 subunits including two cytochromes, metal copper is present cytochrome is needed as reactant

oxidative phosphorylation

process by which ATP synthesized from ADP using P, using the energy released in the electron transport chain

4 4 2

for every two electrons passed through ETC, ____ protons cross the inner mitochondrial membrane trough complex 1, ____ through complex 3 ____ through complex 4

2.5

for each NADH oxidized in the ETC, _____ moles of ATP are formed

1.5

for each mole of FADH2 oxidized in the ETC, ____ moles of ATP are formed

1

for each mole of GTP is hydrolyzed ___ mole of ATP is/are formed

90%

how much oxygen is consumed via respiration during oxidative phosphorylation

reactive oxygen species ROS

remaining O2 are converted to several _____ within the body

95%

how many percent of ROS formed are quickly converted to non toxic species

5%

about ___% of ROS escape destruction by superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes

vitamin K and C, glutathione GSH, and beta carotine

antioxidants present in the body