VCE Units 3 and 4 Food Studies

Appetite

Is the desire for food

Food security

exists when all people at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Chemical digestion

Is the breakdown of food using chemicals such as enzymes and acids

Food insecurity

exists when people do not have adequate physical, social or economic access to food

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Is a chemical digestive process that breaks down food by breaking down bonds that hold together the molecular 'building blocks' within food

Biodiesel

is a clear-burning liquid fuel produced from animal fats that are combined with an alcohol

Glycaemic index

Is a measure of how fast and how much a food raises blood glucose levels

Biofuels

are an energy source, for example ethanol and biodiesel, produced from organic or living material

Macronutrients

Are essential nutrients required by the body in large amounts

Ethanol

is produced from feedstock crops that produce large amounts of sugar and can be added to petrol for fuelling cars

Satiety

Is a state or feeling of fullness

Causes of global food insecuritry

Natural Disasters

War and displacement

Food wastage

Production of biofuels

Poverty

Unstable global food markets

Australian Dietary Guidelines

Were developed to guide and promote good health and nutrition and reduce diet related disease

Four pillars of food security

Food availability

Access to food

Utilisation of food

Stability of the food supply

Australian guide to healthy eating

Is a practical, pictorial guide for food selection

Four pillars of food security - Availability

refers to individuals and communities having access to sufficient quantities of food an a consistent basis. Relates to the production, distribution and trading of food

Bacteria

Are single celled microorganisms that can cause food poisoning when they are consumed live in food, or through the toxins they produce once they are ingested

Four pillars of food security - Access

individuals and communities must have access to sufficient resources to obtain the food they need to remain healthy.

Cross contamination

Involves the transfer of harmful bacteria from uncooked or raw food to food that has already been cooked or prepared

Four pillars of food security - Utilisation

based on the quality of the food that is available to individuals to attain adequate nutrients for growth and development.

Food poisoning

Is an illness caused by consuming foods contaminated by bacteria, toxins or a virus

Four pillars of food security - Stability

is the ability to obtain an adequate food supply over time at prices individuals and communities can afford.

Food spoilage

Is a reduction in a food's quality identified by deterioration in its physical, chemical and/or sensory properties

Solutions to global food insecurity

Reforming biofuels, advancing Asian and African agriculture through the support of small farm-holders, building the capacity of women and improving food distribution methods

Virus

Are minute microorganisms that are smaller than bacteria

Contribution of technology to food security

mobiles

drones

solar energy

biogas

GMT (genetic modification technology)

Blanching

Is a method of partly cooking food by plunging it briefly into boiling water

Bycatch

is the incidental capture of non-target fish species and other marine life

Conduction

Occurs when heat is transferred from one molecules to another by collision or movement

Cattle feedlot

is a managed facility for the purpose of producing beef of consistent quality and quantity

Convection

Occurs when molecules in liquid or gases move from warmer area to cooler one

Ethics

are a set of moral principles that are motivated by ideas of right and wrong, or good and bad

Radiation

Is the transmission of heat energy in the form of rays, as occurs during grilling and microwaving

Free-range animals

are animals that are not closely confined and have some access to the outdoors

Aeration

Is the process of incorporating air into food products to increase the volume and create a light airy texture

Free-range pork

production involves producing pigs that are born and raised with free access to the paddocks outdoors

Caramelisation

Is the process that sugars undergo when heated to high temperatures to develop a golden brown colour

Intensive animal farming

involves stocking animals in dense and crowded conditions

Coagulation

Is a form of denaturation and occurs when there is a permanent change in the protein from a liquid into a thick mass as a result of heat or the addition of acids

Organic food production

involves growing and producing food without the use of synthetic chemicals such as pesticides and artificial fertilisers

Denaturation

Describes the permanent structural change of the protein molecules in food

Purse seines

is a large net that is towed, often towed by by two boats, where the net encloses the fish

Dextrinisation

Is the process that occurs when starch is exposed to dry heat;the starch is broken down to dextrin, resulting in a change in colour to golden brown

Fish aggregating devices (FADs)

is a permanent or temporary device used to lure fish. Where fish seek shelter when they are feeding.

Emulsification

Is mixing two liquids that don't normally combine evenly, for example water and oil

Longline fishing

fishing trawlers set fishing lines, with a main line and secondary line branching off it, each with thousands of of barbed, baited hooks.

Functional properties

Are the physical and chemical properties of ingredients that impact on food preparation and processing

How to ensure a sustainable fish supply

catch method

endangered species

Bycatch

fish farming

Gelatinisation

Is the process that occurs when starch granules absorb liquid in the presence of heat.

Bottom Trawling

Factory ships that use bottom trawling fishing techniques, drag a heavy, weighted net across the seafloor

Maillard reaction

Occurs when a protein and sugar or starch are present in the same mixture and dry heat is applied during baking, creating a golden brown crust

Use of biogas

The development of small-scale biogas systems is an alternative for of energy production, biogas production has the ability to increase agricultural productivity and create new employment opportunities.

Functional foods

Are foods that provide a health benefit to individuals beyond that of basic nutrition

Building capacity for women

Women form the backbone of small-scale agriculture. Women have less access to credit and the ability to access essential resources to make their farm productive. To build capacity for women micro finances, giving them loans to improve life.

Superfood

Are generally recognised as food that have a high concentration of nutrients and are rich in photochemical and antioxidant

Improving food distribution methods

A safe and reliable food distribution system is a key requirement for secure food supply. If there are no markets nearby or if transportation systems are inadequate, farmers will not be able to their produce to market to sell or to purchase food commodities

Supporting small farm holders

In order to increase yields, farmers need support through access to fertiliser, high-yielding crop varieties and products to improve the health of their animals

Trends

Are general changes or movements towards a new result or pattern, for example trends in food consumption

Body image

Is the perception a person has about their physical self and their thoughts and feelings

Global food insecurity - Natural Disasters

Natural disasters can devastate a small landholder's entire crop - a crop that the family and their local community rely on as their main source of daily food.

Comfort or emotional eating

Is recognised as a psychological condition or eating disorder.

Global food insecurity - War and displacement

Conflict, especially involving armed forces, prevents rural communities from carrying out their normal farming practices. Putting the food security at risk.

Connectedness

Is linking a family together and creating a family bond.

Global food insecurity - food wastage

If strategies were implemented to address practices leading to the wastage of food annually, they would go a long way to reducing the number who go hungry each day

Disordered eating

Is described as an unhealthy eating pattern that includes restrictive dieting, compulsive eating, comfort or emotional eating or skipping meals.

Global food insecurity - production of biofuels

World demand for energy has risen, due to growing world population. Grains are now used as a source for fuel. farmers have converted to produce crops for biofuel. Prices for cereal grains driven higher.

This lessens the amount of food available for consumption, and poor cannot afford food due to price increases.

Emotions

Relate to the mind and are often described as psychological factors or influences

Global food insecurity - poverty

People in poverty do not have the purchasing power to allow them to buy the nutritious food they need for their family.

Individual identity

Refers to qualities, beliefs, likes and dislikes that make a person different from others

Global food insecurity - unstable global food market

Market instability has increased, more traders realise they can make money by trading food commodities. Fewer companies have all the power therefore can manipulate prices at expense of the poor.

What parts of the world lack food security

third world countries

Restrictive diets

Often referred to as fad diets, ban certain foods or food groups, and promise quick, dramatic results in weight loss

Social roles

Are the parts people play as members of a social group

barn laid eggs

Hens are free to roam in a shed and are able to spread wings and stretch, but do not have access to outdoors

Advergames

Are videos games that contain an advertisement to promote a particular product.

concerns around aquaculture

water pollution through fish waste

Spread of marine diseases

escaped fish predate on native species

Damage habitat of native species

Advertising

Is a process of communication that persuades consumers that they desire a particular product and then to buy it

Fair trade

The ethics of fair trade is based on the concept of ensuring that farmers and workers, particularly in developing countries, are guaranteed a fair wage for their work

Augmented reality (AR)

Is a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real world environment whose elements are supplemented by computer generated sensory input such as sound, video and graphics

Aim of fair trade

Address poverty, to empower food producers in developing countries to improve quality of their lives and to have greater control over their future

Blogs

Are online journals or diaries that are frequently updated

Biodegradeable

describes a substance originally made from plant or animal matter that can be broken down

Data analytics

Is the process of examining raw data to draw conclusions about that information

Biosecurity

is the protection of people, animals and the environment from infectious diseases, pests and other biological threats

Gamification

Is adding game design to non gaming applications to make them more fun and appealing.

Fertilisers

are widely used in agriculture to improve crop yields

Marketing

Involves a series of planned activities and techniques that aim to develop products that consumers need or want and then sell these products for a profit.

Herbicides

are chemicals sprayed onto paddocks to kill weeds that complete for nutrients in the soil needed by food crops

Media

Are the means of mass communication for promoting products and services.

Pesticides

are chemicals that are sprayed onto crops to control particular pests

News reportage

Is the reporting of news on current issues or events in newspapers, on television or on the radio.

Climate change

is a change in the pattern of weather, related changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, occurring over decades or longer

Salinity

occurs if groundwater rises and reaches the surface and salt emerges through the topsoil

soil acidification

occurs when plants take up nutrients and release acidic waste from their roots

Genetic modification

is a process that alters the genetic material of plants or animals by duplicating, removing or inserting one or more new genes to improve its characteristics

Low-impact farming

is farming practices that conserve the soil and the capacity of the soil to retain water, thereby improving the conditions of plant growth

Organic food

are foods that are produced without the use of artificial fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, antibiotics, growth regulators or hormones

Transgenic Organisms

are organisms produced as a result of genetic modification in which the DNA from a plant or animal is transferred to another plant or animal to which it is not directly related

Aseptic packaging

is a process whereby the food product and the package are sterilised separately and brought together in a sterile environment

Biogas

is a gas that is produced by the action of bacteria on organic material such as corn or wheat