The Skeletal System (Marieb)

Skeletal System

Composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments, with bone also known as Osseous Tissue.

Hyaline Cartilage

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience, and is the most abundant skeletal cartilage.

Fibrocartilage

Highly compressed cartilage with great tensile strength, found in menisci of the knee and intervertebral discs.

Interstitial Growth

A type of growth that adds matrix internally, causing the bone to grow in length.

Appositional Growth

A type of growth that adds more bone matrix to the surface, increasing the girth/width of bones.

Compact Bone

A dense outer layer of bone that withstands tension stresses and supports weight.

Spongy Bone

A honeycomb structure within the bone that is often filled with red bone marrow.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that lay down the bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that communicate mechanical stresses to osteoblasts.

Osteoclasts

Cells that dissolve bone and react to parathyroid hormone.

Calcification of cartilage

The process that occurs during normal bone growth and old age.

Periosteum

A tough outer fibrous layer of collagen covering the bone, essential for growth and repair.

Nutrient Foramen

The hole where blood vessels enter the bone to provide nutrients.

Wolff's Law

States that a bone will grow or remodel in response to the forces placed on it.

Fracture Hematoma

Clot formation at the site of a fracture that initiates healing.

Callus Formation

The process of forming a mass of repair tissue that reconnects broken bone ends.

Osteoporosis

A disease in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposition, leading to fragile bones.

Paget's Disease

Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown, usually localized in specific areas.

Osteomyelitis

An infection in the bone due to bacteria, occurring from bloodstream infection or exposure.

Endochondral Ossification

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage and produces most bones in the body.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone develops from fibrous membranes and produces flat bones of the skull.

Articular Cartilage

The surface of the bone that makes a joint, covered with hyaline cartilage.

Scoliosis

A lateral curvature of the thoracic spine commonly seen in late-term pregnancy.

Stress Fracture

Breakage of bone due to abnormal trauma, often related to sports activities.

Nondisplaced Fracture

A type of fracture where the bone ends retain their normal position.

Calcitonin

A hormone that stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in the bone.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone that triggers osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release calcium into the blood.