Microbial Diversity Lecture - Midterm

Viruses

smallest among microbes

Capsid

Protein envelope that protects the genomes of viruses

Host cell

cell wherein viruses multiply in

Bacteriophages

are viruses that infect bacteria

Envelope

Sometimes the capsid is surrounded by an additional spikey coat called

Lipid envelope

Envelope coating that viruses acquire by stealing from membranes in the host cell

Sampling techniques

refer to the process of locating and collecting the microorganisms needed in the study

soil sampling

Composite sampling is recommended sampling technique for this

Composite sampling

is a method in which individual samples that are collected over a specific period of time are bulked together and then mixed

Experimental objectives

Aka hypotheses

Air sampling

Commonly known as bioaerosol sampling

active air sampling method

This is done continuously in a controlled way by counting the number of viable or living organisms per cubic meter of air

Passive sampling

used to measure organisms which that have dropped onto the surfaces

Biological sampling techniques

Techniques of sampling used to retrieve samples from living organisms

Indigenous microflora

are adapted to survive and grow in the animal body that may exhibit physical properties or contain chemical conditions that discourage the growth of microorganisms

lysogen

bacterium that contains a prophage, which is a form of a virus that has integrated its genetic material into the bacterial genome

tissue tropism

gain access to the body of animals via contact, ingestion, and inhalation and colonize specific regions of the host organism

Puncture technique

to pierce with a pointed object

Swabbing

inserting or wiping a cotton swab into specific part

Aspiration

act of withdrawing a sample through a needle

rinsing method

using water in rinsing the body part

phyllosphere

part of the plant that is above the ground

rhizosphere

part of the plant found below the ground

extreme environments

is where the conditions are severe that only a very limited range of microbial species are able to grow

Shovel

used to dig up or acquire sample mostly from top soil

Auger

used to dig up soil but is able to preserve the layers of the soil; suitable for acquiring sample from different soil layers

Grab sampler

Sampling tool used for the collection of samples with less disruption as possible; a versatile material that can also be used in sampling sea beds

Inland waters

Ground water and surface water

Special Habitat

Natural body of water that includes bottom sediments, biological and non-biological surfaces

Van dorn water sampler

specialized device used to collect water samples from specific depths in a water body

Schindler plankton trap

specialized device used to collect plankton samples from aquatic environments

Plankton net

a specialized mesh net designed to capture plankton from aquatic environments

Corer w/ column

stratification of sample

Salinity/ pH Refractometer

to measure salinity or salt concentration in water sample

Secchi disk

measures water turbidity

Aspiration

sampling technique used in collection of vital fluids

Rectal swab

sampling technique wherein sample is acquired by directly getting it from anus or rectum of the patient

Phyllosphere

extreme, stressful, changing environments; predominantly has the commensal interaction in the organism

rhizosphere

less variable condition and higher nutrient concentrations

Extremophiles

organisms that are adapted to grow optimally to, at or near the extreme ranges of environmental variables

Serial Dilutions

if sample has too many cells one can opt.. to utilize this technique to

Centrifugation or Membrane Filtration

used in sample processing when cells are too few in the sample

Phenotypic detection

morphology; colonial/cultural; physiological

Chemotaxonomic method

cell chemical component; lipid profile

Molecular method

gene amplification; sequence analysis and genetic fingerprinting

Microbial numbers

obtain from direct count procedures such as petroff-hausser chambr, hamacytometer, and sedgewick-rafter

Viable Count Method

procedures such as standard plate methods, pour plate, and spread plate methods

Fluorescent dyes

a direct observation method that detects biological cues

Microbial biomass

involves determination of unit weight such as filtration; centrifugation and packed cell volume

Microbial activity

involves enzymatic assays

dormancy

in the latent stage of a viral replication the viral particle enters this stage; has no significant changes or manipulation to host

biosynthesis

also known as the replication stage of the viral cycle wherein the genetic material is reproduced

Rabies

A disease that affects mammal neurologically, this is contracted from a contaminated saliva or body fluid

Rhabdoviridae

rabies causing virus

Rhinoviridae

common cold causing virus

Norovirus

gastroenteritis or stomach flu causing virus

COVID-19

disease that caused a huge pandemic in 2020 which came from the coronaviridae family

Gastroenteritis

a disease caused by norovirus

Influenza virus

causative agent of flu

Too many to count

>300 CFU

Too few to count

<30 CFU