Human Diseases Exam 1

Define etiology

the cause of disease

What is a sign/objective?

Physical observation or measurements. Pulse, blood pressure, temp.

What are examples of a sign?

Objective: pulse, temperature, blood pressure.

What is a symptom?

Subjective: what patient says or feels/perceives (complaint) HX, CC, family, occupation.

What are examples of a symptom/subjective?

pain, difficulty breathing, dizziness

What does a diagnosis mean?

evaluating the manifestations to determine the disease process present. ex) CC, Past Medical Hx, Family Hx, Occupational Hx.

What is palliative treatment?

to relieve and manage symptoms.

Define inflammation

The body's protective response to injury/infection.

What 3 things may trigger inflammation?

Trauma, chemical agents, physical agents

Which WBC perform phagocytosis?

Monocytes (Macrophage)and Neutrophils.

What are the 4 phases of the inflammatory process

1) Histamine release, blood flow and permeability increased. 2) Neutrophil exudation 3) Monocyte exudation. 4) Repair and restoration

What are the ways in which inflammatory process may end?

Regeneration or Fibrosis

What is regeneration?

replace destroyed tissue with same kind of cells.

What is fibrosis?

Collagen fibers contract, drawing out surfaces together, scar tissue varies.

What is disease?

altered function physiology of a body organ or system

What does Pathology mean?

the study of disease

What are some examples of symptoms from a diagnosis?

Chief Complaint, past medical HX, Family HX, Social HX,

What is a Prognosis?

Prediction of the outcome

Name the different type of white blood cell involved in inflammation?

Neutrophils, Eosinophil, Basophil.

Describe appropriate treatment for inflammation

antihistamines, steroids, non steroid anti inflammatory, antimicrobials.

Acute inflammation

local and general

Chronic inflammation

no neutrophil, less severe.

Define Fluoroscopy

Real time

Define Angiogram

looking for blockage

What is Computerized Tomography (CT SCAN)?

X-ray passes through planes of tissue and analyzed by a computer creates cross-sectional images of the body

What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

uses a magnet and radio frequencies. Not an X-ray!

What is nuclear medicine or Radionuclide scan?

injection of radioactive material into blood and scans body for degree of localization.

What is Diagnostic Medical Sonography?

It is an ultrasound using high frequency sound waves. Example: heart, bladder, baby.

What is Electrocardiogram?

It is an ECG or EKG tracing electrical activity of the heart.

What is Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

tracing electrical activity in the brain

What does scope mean?

small surgical incision to view inside the body.

Endoscopy

upper

Colonoscopy

lower

Bronchoscopy

lungs ( in nose or mouth)

Laparoscopy

pelvic abdominal (through belly button)

What is Pulmonary Function tests

measurement of lung volumes

What are the two ways inflammatory process may end?

Regeneration and Fibrosis

What is regeneration?

replace destroyed tissue with the same kind of cells

What is Fibrosis?

Collagen fibers contract, drawing cut surfaces together

What is an infection?

caused by invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms.

Non specific immunity

innate, general (non-selective) protection against any foreign agent via phagocytosis and inflammation.

Specific immunity

acquired, specific (selective) protection against a particular foreign agent (antigen) via antibodies/Immunoglobulin and activated Lymphocytes

Humoral Immunity

B lymphocytes

Cell Mediated Immunity

T lymphocytes

Antibodies(Immunoglobulins/IG)

Plasma proteins which bind to antigens and tag for destruction.

IgE attaches to what cell?

Mast Cell

Type I Hypersensitivity Locally

Allergic Reaction. Asthma, hay fever, hives,

Hypersensitivity II

Cytotoxic. Lysis of cell membrane. Blood transfusion reactions, Rh incompatibility.

Hypersensitivity III

Immune complex. Inflammation and vast tissue destruction. Ex) Farmer's lung, Rheumatic fever

Hypersensitivity IV

Cell mediated. Inflammation and tissue damage. Ex) contact dermatitis, Tb skin test.

Autoimmunity

An intolerance to self. Individuals develop antibodies to their own tissues or self-antigens

Autoimmune Diseases

Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis

What is the cause of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

How is AIDS transmitted?

unprotected sex, sharing needles, breast milk (contaminated body fluids)

AIDS Pathology

HIV virus attaches to the CD4 receptor on T-helper lymphocytes.

What does ART stand for and what does it do for HIV people?

Antiretroviral therapy. Helps you live longer.

Is a Malignant neoplasia cancer?

yes

Benign

Well defined, does not spread, not fatal

Malignant

Very invasive, spreads via blood and lymph, high fatality rate.

Examples of Benign Neoplasms

Adeoma, Osteoma, Lipoma

Examples of Malignant Neoplasms

Adenocarcinoma (carcinoma and sarcoma= cancer)

Bone,muscle, cartilage or CT origin?

Osteosarcoma

Glioma

highly fatal malignancy of glial cells of the brain.

Malignant neoplasms that end with oma that are considered cancer

Melanoma, Lymphoma and Glioma.

#1 cause of cancer

Carcinogens- smoking cigarettes and tobacco. Benzopyrene found in tar.

Treatment for Benign neoplasia

No tx necessary. Surgical excision.

Treatment for Malignant neoplasia

Palliative treatment (control effects) Curative Therapy (remove all cancer) Radiation Therapy (doesn't cure, another form or Palliative care. Chemotherapy which is often done with Radiation.

How may human chromosomes in each cell?

46

How any many human chromosome pairs?

23 (22 autosome and 1 is sex chromosomes)

Male

XY

Female

XX

Karotype

can detect abnormalities in # or structure.

Trisomy 21

Down Syndrome (autosome)

Trisomy 23

Klinefelter's Syndrome. Male genitals at birth with female traits such as breasts, pelvic girdle widens.

Monosomy 23

Turner's Syndrome. Female genitals at birth. Lack of breast development, pelvis doesn't widen.

Autosomal Recessive Disorder

occur when heterzygotes mate.

Two genes

alleles

Dominant

determines how the genetic trait will be expressed.

Recessive

will result in an abnormal trait ONLY when both alleles are recessive.

Examples of congenital diseases

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy, Hydrocephalus

Antigens

foreign substance that triggers immune response

Autosomal Recessive Diseases

Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia

Examples of Inflammatory Process Cancers

Virus, Bacteria, Fungus, Parasite

Carcinoma

Malignant Epithelial Origin

Sarcoma

Malignant Bone, Muscle, Cartilage, and CT Origin

IgE

Allergy-Eosinophil, Basophil.

Which cells do HIV attack?

T-Helper Cells

Type 1 Hypersensitivity Systemic

Anaphylaxis

What are foreign materials, dead tissue and micro organisms?

Phagocytosis

4 Types of Abnormal Cell Growth

1. Hyperplasia

2. Hypertrophy

3. Metaplasia

4. Neoplasia

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

(Polys/PMN's)

1. NEUTROPHILS

- Perform phagocytosis

- Most numerous WBC

- 1st responder during inflammation

2. EOSINOPHILS

- Numbers increase in allergic reaction

3. BASOPHILS

- Involved in allergic reaction

- Contain histamine

- Migrate out of the blood to become Mast Cells

Mononuclear Leukocytes

1. MONOCYTES

- Perform phagocytosis (as Macrophages)

- Largest WBC

- Migrate out of the blood to become Macrophages

- 2nd responder during inflammation

2. LYMPHOCYTES

- Active in the immune process

- 2nd greatest in number of WBCs

- Remember the chemical structure of antigens