APEX Music Appreciation Semester 2 Final Review

What is an important aspect of jazz?

Improvisation

Describe Ragtime

Syncopation, blending of African and European traditions, usually written for piano

Describe New Orleans (Dixieland)

Introduced group improv, combined European and African music

Describe Swing

Popularized jazz, associated with dancing, in big band music, emphasis on rhythm section

Describe bebop (1940s)

smaller groups, less dancing, and complex harmonies

Describe cool jazz

simplification of harmonies and musical textures, developed on the west coast, larger groups

What are big bands?

big bands, 12 - 16 plays, with saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section.

What are the four sections of the standard jazz rhythm ensemble?

Piano (harmonic or melodic), Bass (harmonic and occasional solos), Drums (rhythmic backbone, occasional solos), and guitar (harmonic and melodic)

Who was W.C. Handy?

First man to popularize the Blues, the "Father of Blues."

Who was Louis Armstrong?

Trumpeter and singer, first great jazz soloist, inventor of scat singing

Who are some swing artists?

Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Glenn Miller, and Benny Goodman

Who are some bebop artists?

Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk, and Miles Davis

Who are some cool jazz artists?

Miles Davis and Gil Evans

How did jazz have roots in slavery?

drum rhythms for communication, work songs, and spirituals

When and where did classic / traditional jazz start?

New Orleans, 1910s

Describe Hard Bop

Combo of bebop, blues, and rhythm of early R&B and gospel

Describe free jazz

unpredictable, not aligned to a theory

Describe jazz fusion

mixing jazz with other styles, especially rock, funk and R&B

Describe Latin Jazz

Afro-cuban style, bossa nova

Describe smooth jazz

improv, R&B, elaborate studio production

Who are some hard bop artists?

John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, and Charlie Parker

Who are some free jazz artists?

Ornette Coleman, Eric Dolphy, Cecil Taylor, and Charles Mingus

Who are some Latin jazz artistss?

Joao Gilberto, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Tito Puente, and Arturo Sandoval

Who was Wynton Marsalis?

A classical and jazz artist

What are the three types of jazz improv?

Rhythmic, Melodic and Harmonic

What are some examples of rhythmic improv?

doubling up notes, creating different accents

What are some examples of melodic improv?

Using a basic melody as a starting point to create new melodies

What are some examples of harmonic improv?

Using basic harmonies to create different and/or more complex chord progressions (bebop)

What is scat singing?

Vocal improv that was invented by Louis Armstrong

Who were the composer lyricist team that wrote many musicals?

Rogers and Hammerstein

What was important about Oklahoma! ?

It had more plot, development and passion than in any previous musical

What was important about Tin Pan Alley?

It led to copyright law.

What are some music copyright companies?

ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC

What is the blue scale?

Lowers the 3rd, 5th, and 7th degrees of the major scale

What is the 12 bar blues?

I - I - I - I - IV - IV - I - I - V - V - I - I

What is a call and response?

A musical device where a short idea is stated and another instrument or voice responds, creating musical dialogue

What were the two main types of blues in the 1920s?

Rural (Mississippi Delta) blues versus urban (Memphis) blues

What are some blues instruments?

Harmonica, guitar, and later electric guitar, bass, drums, piano and saxophone.

Who was Mamie Smith?

First black female vocalist to record the blues

Who was Blind Lemon Jefferson?

Voice and guitar, unpredictable style

Who was Clarence "Pine Top" Smith?

Originator of boogie-woogie piano

Who was Gertrude "Ma" Rainey?

A black female singer of blues

Who is someone in modern blues?

Stevie Ray Vaughan, who plays the guitar. He uses sound effects.

When did blues emerge?

1870 - 1900

Were blues musicians treated well?

No, they were taken advantage of by record companies who paid small amounts up front instead of granting royalties.

What were the three main traditions of gospel?

Negro spiritual, black gospel, white southern gospel.

Who were some major Gospel artists?

Thomas A. Dorsey, Mahalia Jackson and Rev. James Cleveland.

How was gospel rooted in slavery?

Slaves were allowed to practice Christianity. They reworked Christian hymns to express their plight and communicate secretly.
Slaves sang songs on the field to communicate secret messages to each other.

What happened to gospel music after segregation and oppression?

They turned into "Freedom Songs," which talked about freedom and civil rights.

Describe the Motown Sound

Simple pop lyrics, clear harmonies, catchy hooks

Who was the founder of the Motown sound?

Berry Gordy Jr

Who played on alot of hit motown records?

The Funk Brothers

Who were some big Motown stars?

Diana Ross (lead singer of the Supremes), Marvin Gaye, and Stevie Wonder

What kind of audiences did Motown appeal to?

White and Black

What are some characteristics of bluegrass, country and folk music?

Appalachian music, uses the guitar, banjo, mandolin and fiddle, story songs, simple melodies and harmonies, and have informal performance styles

Who was Cecil Sharp?

A researcher of Appalachian music who learned that this music was derived from English music and was very well preserved.

How were Appalachian songs passed down?

Orally

Who were some folk artists?

Pete Seeger and the Weavers, Kingston Trio, Peter Paul and Mary, and Bob Dylan

What were minstrel shows?

White performers in blackface portraying blacks

What kind of politics is folk associated with?

Liberal politics. Folk is commonly known for protest songs

What is Bluegrass known for?

Fast tempo and high energy

What are the "Big Five" instruments of bluegrass?

Mandolin, Banjo, Fiddle, Guitar and Dobro

Who is considered the founder of Bluegrass?

Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys

Who was Earl Scruggs?

A banjo player who popularized the three string style.

Describe Country

Easy to listen to, written for a "country audience," with traditional ideas with modern values, story songs, and patriotism.

What is a Pedal Steel Guitar?

Played in the lap with a steel bar, with pedals and knee levers to change the pitch of the strings.

The growth of country music paralleled what?

The radio and recording industry

What show expanded the country audience?

The Johnny Cash Show

Where is the "capital" of country music?

Nashville, TN

What city was a challenge to Nashville? (Country)

Bakersfield, California

What happened in 1970s country?

"Outlaw" artists moved country toward rock and away from pop

What happened in 1980s country?

Mainstream country returned to a traditional sound

What happened in 1990s Country?

Americana

What are some qualities of Rock and roll?

untamed vocals, emphasized backbeat

What are some types of rock and roll?

Rockabilly, Surf, Psychedelic, Progressive, Punk, Heavy metal, Grunge, Alt and Teen pop

Who are some major artists of Rock and Roll?

Alan Freed (coined the term rock and roll), Elvis, the Beatles

What was rock and roll originally?

"Race music," cover songs which had sanitized lyrics and were recorded for white audiences generated far more profit

Who were Chuck Berry's influences?

Muddy Waters and Nat King Cole

What was Chuck Berry's trademark?

The duck walk

What was Chuck Berry's first recording and what was his biggest contribution to RnR?

Maybellene and Johnny B. Goode

What was Elvis's first recording?

"That's All Right" Rockabilly

What are the Big Five recording companies?

Universal, Sony, EMI, Warner Brothers and Aritsa

What are some Music TV Shows?

The Ed Sullivan Show, American Bandstand, Dick Clark, Soul Train, MTV