APUSH: Transformation of Antebellum America

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin

Cotton Gin

a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, machine that produced a more efficient way to get the seeds out of cotton, and expanded southern development

Alabama Fever

New land was wanted because cotton growing quickly depleted the soil. The profits southern farmers made from cotton growing pushed southern farmers into the "black belt" (fertile soil). This broke out and southerners with slaves moved west, causing western populations to boom., after war of 1812 southerners and slaves flooded areas that would be Alabama and Mississippi

Black Belt

deep south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier which had the highest concentration of slaves, A zone known as this held productive soil for cotton to flourish. As cotton was becoming popular in the area, slavery also expanded.

Second Middle Passage

about 1 million slaves migrated involuntarily to the lower south, which is similar to the Great Migration of slaves on the Middle Passage to the colonies years before, "sold down the river", describing the migration of hundreds of thousands of slaves from the upper south to lower south (to make cotton). usually sold to planters who were already there.

Coffles

slaves would be bound by their feet in these to travel on land to be sold in the southern ports., way to transport slaves; travel on foot, chained together in gorups of 50 or more

Manumission

the freeing of some enslaved persons, A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

Gang System

used with large plantations for people who had more slaves. under this system enslaved people were organized into work gangs that labored from sunup to sundown, enslaved people were organized into work gangs that labored from sunup to sundown

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans

Richard Allen

an african american preacher who helped start the free african society and the african methodist episcopal church

African Methodist Episcopal Church

a predominantly African American Methodist denomination based in the United States. It was founded by the Rev. Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the mid-Atlantic area that wanted independence from white Methodists. Allen was elected its first bishop in 1816, Richard Allen founded this first independent black Protestant run church in 1816 in the US. It supported abolition and founded educational institutions for free blacks

Harriet Tubman

Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad

Gabriel Prosser

in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

Denmark Vecsey

a free african american who planned a revolt, A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.

Black Codes

laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers, To keep African-Americans from their inalienable rights. They deprived blacks of life, liberty or property without due process of law, laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Gag Rule

law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

George Fitzhugh

defended slavery as a natural part of hierarchical society

Middling Ranks

middle class

Planter Elite

Tobacco industry owners, really rich and powerful, owned the plantations, made the southern culture, owned large tobacco/indigo/rice/ plantations w/ 100+ slaves. constituted about 2% of slave owning population

Paternalistic Ideology

slaves were seen as the children and even though the slave masters did punish the slaves, they cared for them; this was developed to justify slave masters' rigorous insistence on the master-slave relationship: the master was the head of the family, mistress is the "helpmate", slaves to do as they were told, just as the children do

Plantation Mistress

raised children, managed household staff, oversaw cooking and cleaning, gardened, dispensed medicine and clothing to the slaves, and often assisted slaves in their religious instruction, secretly angry, married to slave owner, jobs included: nursing sick, making clothes, tending garden, caring for poultry, overseeing every aspect of food preperation. supervise and plan work of servants. not many challenged their role but they found themselves confined to their duties. found themselves comparable to slaves.

Hinton Helper

a Southern critic of slavery during the 1850s who wrote a book entitled The Impending Crisis of The South The book put forth the notion that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders, and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South.

The Impending Crisis

A controversial book. written by Hinton Helper, that used statistics to argue that the non-slaveholding whites were the ones that were suffering from slavery. This book was banned in the south, but the republican party used it as campaign material in the north, A controversial book that used statistics to argue that the non-slaveholding whites were the ones that were suffering from slavery. This book was banned in the south, but the republican party used it as campaign material in the north

John Quincy Adams

waged a successful eight year fight to repeal the Gag Resolution, Led by this man, Abolitionists in 1830 began attacking congress to end slavery, beginning with the DC slave trade

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State., Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Maysville Veto

1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements., A veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky. This was a blow to Clay's American System, and it irritated the West.

Robert Fulton

This man invented the first commercially successful steamboat in the United States.

Clermont

Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took this ship 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany, the first full-sized commercial steamboat

Transportation Revolution

rapid growth in the speed and convenience of transportation; in the United States this began in the early 1800s, Began with the improvements in road construction and expansion of canal systems., improvements in: roads-enabled settlers and merchants to reach the west, boats-steamboat made commercial agriculture feasible in the West, canals (eerie canal)-connected large cities to each other and made it easier to trade, railroads-connected burgeoning cities to rivers and canals

National Road

First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition., A federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Dewitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Boston merchant who had an idea to combine spinning and weaving under one roof. He formed the Boston Associates. They built a textile mill in Massachusetts. Had all machines needed to turn raw cotton into cloth

Lowell Mills

Textile mills located in the factory town of Lowell, Massachusetts

Putting Out System

system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England, The merchant loans raw materials to several cottage workers, who processed the raw materials in their own homes and returned the finished product to the merchant.

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph and Morse code

Cyrus McCormack

Successful marketer of the first patented mechanical reaper. His farm machines greatly improved farm productivity., inventor of the horse drawn reaper which allowed the cutting of wheat on tons of more acres than without one

Samuel Slater

He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine., father of the factory system

American System of Manufacturing

System of manufacturing that used interchangeable parts, involves semi-skilled labor using machine tools and templates to make standardized, identical, interchangeable parts, manufactured to a tolerance. it contributed to efficiency gains through division of labor. Division of labor helped manufacturing transition from small artisanal shops to early factories. Women and children were employed more frequently within larger firms, especially those producing furniture and clothing.

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves, the process that took place in nineteenth-century America in which an economy dominated by small farms and workshops was transformed into an economy in which farmers and manufacturers produced for a distant cash market' it was also characterized by the emergence of a permanent "working class". These changes had significant consequences for American social institutions, religious practices, political ideology, and cultural patterns., the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Martin van Buren

Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836, He was the eighth president of the United States who was experienced in legislative and administrative life. He passed the Divorce Bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system.

Democratic Party

political party led by Thomas Jefferson; it feared centralized political power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties with France. It was heavily influenced by a agrarian interests in the southern states, One of the two major U.S political party; founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights

Age of the Common Man

Jackson's presidency was called this. He felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used this more than his official Cabinet., informal group of friends who advised Jackson during his administration. Jackson believed that the "official" Cabinet's main function was to carry out his orders.

King Mob

Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South, The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class., The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

South Carolina Exposition

Vice-President Calhoun anonymously published this essay, which proposed that each state in the union counter the tyranny of the majority by asserting the right to nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress. It was written in reaction to the Tariff of 1828, which he said placed the Union in danger and stripped the South of its rights. South Carolina had threatened to secede if the tariff was not revoked; Calhoun suggested state nullification as a more peaceful solution.

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void., A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Tariff of 1833

Stated that import taxes would gradually decrease by about 10% over a period of eight years until they matched the levels of the Tariff of 1816. Although the state and federal governments were able to strike a compromise, Jackson's near invasion of S. Carolina illustrated the federal government's stance on the power of a state to annul federal laws., set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for eight years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress.

Henry Clay (Great Compromiser)

made a compromise tarrif whgich reduced rates over 10 years, A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, removed indians from southern states and put them on reservations in the midwest

Five Civilized Tribes

collective name for the Creeks, Choctaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws and Seminoles

Trail of Tears

The tragic journey of the cherokee people from their home land to indian territory between 1838 and 1839, thousands of cherokees died., The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

John Ross

Cherokee chief who went to court in Georgia to protect the Cherokees' right to own their own land when the government gave the land to new settlers

Major Ridge

Cherokee chief who signed the Treaty of New Echota which gave away all the Cherokee land and agreed to the removal of the Cherokees. He only represented 2% of the Cherokee and was consequently killed.

Treaty of Echota

Signed by only 500 Cherokee Indians who were bribed saying that all 17,000 Cherokee's must leave within 2 years to go to land in Louisiana Territory. IF not they would be forced to leave by the United States Army on the Trail of Tears., a small group of Cherokees (500/17,000) agreed to sign a removal treaty - Jackson argued that this treaty gave him the legal power to remove all the Cherokee from Georgia

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it, case where the state of Georgia tried to remove the Cherokee Indians, but Congress said it was illegal to remove them off their own land

Seminole Wars

they fought a seven year war against the U.S army. The wars were about the indian removal act., Seminoles under Osceola and escaped black slaves refused to move out of Florida and staged guerrilla War against the United States

Black Hawk

a leader of Fox and Sauk Indians, decided to fight rather than leaving Illinios, The leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830's. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, he led the Indians in resisting the move. However, he wasn't powerful enough, because in 1832 they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma.

Bank War

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks", Jackson vs. Bank & Biddle; Jackson begins taking out funds and putting them into pet banks, successfully "killing" the bank; leads to fluctuation in economy and eventual panic

Nicolas Biddle

director of the National Bank. granted loans to congressmen. extended the power of the National Bank., ran the second national bank from 1823 and on, and at this time, the Bank held all federal gold and silver deposits and thus had significant control over credit and monetary policy.

Pet Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank., A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

King Andrew

term given to the tyrannical actions of president andrew jackson, Jackson's lust for power and control gained him this nickname among members of the Whig party, a nickname given to Andrew Jackson by his opponents because he was quick to lose his temper and dealt with his enemies harshly

Panic of 1837

result of the failure of Bank of the U.S., the falling of cotton prices, the bankruptcy of businesses, and there was widespread unemployment and distress., a series of financial failures that led to an economic depression

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed., Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver

William Henry Harrison

American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory., the belief that the U.S. should extend all the way to the pacific ocean

Thomas Hart Benton

A zealous supporter of western interests, he staunchly advocated government support of frontier exploration during his term in the Senate from 1820 - 1850. A senator from Missouri, but he opposed slavery.

John O'Sullivan

influential editor of the Democratic Review who coined the phrase "manifest destiny" in 1845.

Fur Trade

where crops weren't able to grow well in the north, this trade was a large part of there economy; not only would colonists hunt for furs, they would also trade with the Natives to get furs, This trade in the North because the Northern soil was not suitable for cash crops.

Zebulon Pike

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase, An army officer who led an expedition into the southern part of the Louisiana Territory

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery., ommissioned by the Senate (especially Benton) to document and survey the west. His descriptions were to make the West look as nice as possible. His famous stories (e.g. Pathfinder) glorified the West and all the abundance of land and possible wealth

Santa Fe Trail

an important trade route going between Independence, Missouri and Santa fe, New mexico used from about 1821 to 1880

Frontier of Inclusion

French-Indian relations were inclusive, as the french included the natives in their society as equals, integrating cultures, as Spanish and French settlers colonized North America, they involved the natives in their way of life, blending the culture.

Oregon Fever

Americans travel rapidly in the 1840s over the two thousand mile Oregon Trail, the overwhelming desire to move to Oregon Country

Tejanos

Mexican residents of Texas. Many fought with the Americans in the Revolution, but after Texas was independent, the Americans didn't trust them. The Americans feared they were spies and drove many out of Texas., people of Mexican heritage who consider Texas their home

Stephen F. Austin

known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

Empresarios

person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas during the 1800s, they had cheap land as long as they obeyed mexican law and followed catholic religion, made promises of cheap land in order to attract settlers to Texas

Sam Houston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863), First president of the Republic of Texas, United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States

The Alamo

Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, "Remember the Alamo", old Spanish mission that is best remembered for the battle fought their for Texas' independence

Santa Ana

As dictator of Mexico; he led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. He was later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.

Battle of San Jacinto

a big victory for texans, santa anna was captured, and gives texas its independence ( the battle only lasted 18 mintutes), an 1836 battle between Texans and Mexicans during the Texas war for independence from Mexico, battle in which Texans defeated Mexican forces

The Lone Star Republic

Nickname for Texas after winning independence, Was a nickname for Texas because they had to be a republic from 1836-1845 because they had to wait for a free state to come in the union

Annexation

The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.

James K. Polk

this man was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. he favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.

54-40 or fight

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk., An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54º40' latitude. Polk settled for the 49º latitude in 1846.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition, 1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.

John Slidell

A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico, Sent by Polk to Mexico to negotiate Texas independence and purchase of California and New Mexico - was ignored by Mexican Government

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War., Civil disobedience

Civil Disobedience

a form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences., opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment

Spot Resolution

Resolution offered by Congressman Abraham Lincoln demanding to know the precise location where Mexicans had allegedly shed American blood on the "America" soil., request by Abe Lincoln that Polk provide Congress w/ the exact location where blood was spilt on US soil during Mex/Am War.

Battle of Chapultepec

sept 12 1847 victory over mexican forces holding down chapultepec castle west of mexico city during the mexican american war. Winfield Scott led the attack including robert e lee. US victory, This battle was a U.S. victory over Mexican forces holding Chapultepec Castle west of Mexico City during the Mexican-American War; the battle had been a significant victory for the U.S. Lasting throughout most of the day, the fighting had been severe and costly.

Bear Flag Republic

nickname for California after it declared independence from Mexico in 1846, name for California before it became a state