geographh globalisation

Polish community UK

27500 came to uk during ww2, 30% of people speak English there

Uk had 4x higher incomes, $6.8 billion sent back in remittances to Poland

Poland and uk engage in 30bn of trade, and poles contribute 2.5bn to the economy yearly

But over 50% of urban towns in Poland are declining, in 2020 fastest declining eu country

US Mexico Migration

23% of all us migrants are Mexican, 10,000 try to smuggle themselves across the border weekly, 1/3 are caught and the majority try again within a year

Migrants in average only send 15% of their incomes back to their home country

Hispanic owned businesses generate over $800 billion in revenue

The US sent $63 billion in remittances back to Mexico

30% of us farm workers born in Mexico

2019 El Paso shorting, perpetrator said it was due to anti Mexican

Immigrant communities contribute more in taxes than consume in services

47% of Americans view migration as a ‘critical threat’

Syrian refugees crisis

8 million Syrian refugees, in Lebanon, 90% of Syrian refugees live in poverty, and 92% work informally, they cost the government $900 million annually, or 5% of their GDP. Mountainous border is extremely difficult to control

8.8% of healthcare in Jordan is consumed by Syrians, and class sizes have increased

In the Anatolia region, turkey, there has been a 16% wage reduction

However, in Germany, 75k refugees were nationalised as German citizens, 50% of those which arrived between 2015 and 2017 have a uni degree, however 67% rely on welfare, and 200,000 Syrians in school

Actions to tackle the refugee crisis

$200 million in cash provided by UNHCR, and provision of primary healthcare to 4 million, however high inflation means the value of the cash fell and high demand outstrips supply

Over 2 million Syrian children remain out of school

Powerlessness of states to regulate their borders

DRC ranks 164th for corruption, over 120 armed groups, ADF is responsive for 1200 deaths, has got 10k of borders but only 14k soldiers. Trying to relist ex combatants - but many join such as adf

90% of drcs gold production was smuggled out, $500 million’s worth

Key areas like beni have been protected, demobilised 15,000 combatants

Tracking resources like tin, 90% tracked

2.2bn in requested aid, only 47% funded

Recently made a ceasefire with Rwanda over m23, but accusations of Rwanda backing persist

China rural to urban migration

Early-pre 2000s, over 300million

Urban wages 3x that of rural areas, industrialisation of shenzen created millions of jobs, $50 billion in remittances.

Economy grew 6x, 70% of construction jobs from rural migrants, but 150migranrs lacked proper housing

20milljon children left behind in rural areas without daily parental care

Shenzen population x100, overcrowding and traffic

Shenzen saw a 15x increase in wages, rural areas grew 8% GDP

2.2.6

Un defines eezs

NATO ensures marine security among its members, 162 piracy reports in 2019

Unclos 1982 - establishes clear maritime borders, reducing conflicts, 200 nautical miles, 165 countries have ratified it

Emerging issues like deep sea mining will have to be revamped

Choke points

Suez Canal, 2021, 6 day blockage, $10 billion daily in delayed goods, India saw oil price rise, 5% global oil price rise temporarily, India lost $30 million in oil, over 30,000m3 of sand were dredged, plans to widen canal been mooted, ikea had shortages all over Europe

60% of chinas oil goes through malacca strait, US maintains military presence nearby, deters conflict, but china is creating pipelines through Myanmar and investing in ports in the Indian Ocean

EEZs

Due to its previous colonialism, uk had the 5th largest EEZ, Falkland Islands has billions in oil reserves, 900 dead in war, fishing in the falklands eez alone $150 million, supported by the UK

Comminwealth is 1/3 of the total population, India uk trade over £36bn, Aussie uk free trade agreement, 1.8 million Indians in UK, BBC broadcasts to 280 million people, in many different languages, highlighting soft power, for which the uk ranks 3rd

2.2.7

90% of global trade done by sea,

Maroon limited sulfur content down in fuel to 0.5%, 1978, 77% decrease in sulfur oxide emissions, 600 ships don’t comply, shipping emits 3% of global co2, want it to be net zero by 2050

Illegal crossings

67,000 illegal crossings 2024, over 20,000 dead in decade

$5 billion smuggling industry, eu offered to curb migration by offering $1 billion to Tunisia, leading to a 50% reduction in smuggling through this route

Eu has made thousands of arrests

Cables etc

Global internet traffic grew 30x since 2010

Cables carry over 99% of intercontinental data traffic

New cables being put in to avoid politically unstable routes such as the Red Sea

2006 hengchung earthquake severed 9 cables, Taiwan lost $1 billion

Fishing and anchoring accounts for 70% of sea cable faults

Antarctic resources

During Cold War, oil barrels discovered in Antarctica, 1991 Madrid protocols ban all resource extraction

China and Russia will push for the ban to be lifted 2048, 500 billion barrels of oil discovered, 100 trillion cubic feet in natural gas

Estimated to be trillions in krill, 400 million tonnes of krill

Chinese bases in Antarctica seem to be too well equipped for a base just to survey the environment

NATO warns undersea cables here are under threat, Antarctica is untouched currently - perfect for research

Indigenous

Inuit - arctic indigenous, for oil and gas extraction, reindeer hunting routes cut, heavy pollution, no consultation

Heiltsuk - Canada, for 14,000 they sustainably managed the ecosystem, Canada implemented a 2T herring spawn quota, too much, heiltsuk protested peacefully, Stanford study also showed this to be bad, In 2017, they signed a co-agreement with the Canadian government for joint management of resources

Oil spill in 2016, a sacred food source was destroyed, heiltsuk sues, further oil tanker expansion there stopped, clam fishing there shut down

Illegal unreported fishing is 20% of all fishing, costing $26 billion annually

1992 Atlantic cod stock collapse

Complete moratorium of fishing, cod overfished, fish catch fell from 800,009 to 200,000 tonnes annually, eez 1977 implemented

30k people lost jobs overnight, 300 rural villages and towns became ghost towns, found higher paying jobs in oil, small fishing areas lost ½ their populations,

GDP loss of $500 million. Yearly, even now the cod stock is at a critical level as shellfish dominate

Environment ocean

Over 150,000 tons plastic enter the ocean annually

Oil spillages at 7 a year, down from 80, up from 6 last year

Exxon Valdez, spilt 11 million barrels of oil, led to double tankers, killer whale population down 33% still hasn’t come back up, 1990 double hull tankers in place, took until 2015 to phase out single hull tankers, $1.5 billion in clean up costs, still isn’t fixed. Booms were used to collect oil, only 14% collected

Container shipping rises nearly 3% yearly, 250 million migrants

Internet

Over half the population online, $150 trillion in cross border payments, global e commerce over 6-trillion, 97% of small businesses export to another country of those businesses which are online, only 5% of offline ones. 200 million educated online