Immigration/Progressives Test Review

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Herbert Spencer

Created the idea of Social Darwinism, believing only the “fittest” people succeed in society.

Mark Twain

Author who criticized the greed and corruption of the late 1800s; called the era the “Gilded Age.”

Booker T. Washington

Believed African Americans should gain education and job skills to earn equality gradually. Founded the Tuskegee Institute.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Believed African Americans should demand immediate equality and helped start the NAACP.

Mother Jones

Labor activist who fought for workers’ rights and against child labor.

Samuel Gompers

Founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL); focused on better wages, hours, and conditions.

Terence Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor; accepted skilled and unskilled workers.

Steerage

Cheap, crowded lower deck for poor immigrants.

Cabin Class

Expensive, comfortable area for the wealthy.

Tenements

Overcrowded, unsafe apartment buildings for poor city workers and immigrants.

Gilded Age

Late 1800s era that looked rich on the outside but had corruption and poverty underneath.

Assimilation

When immigrants adopt the culture and language of their new country.

Social Darwinism

Belief that the strong survive and the weak fail — used to justify wealth and inequality.

Philanthropy

Donating money to improve society (ex: Carnegie built libraries).

Gospel of Wealth

Idea by Andrew Carnegie — rich people should give back to help others.

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to factories, jobs, and immigration.

Enclave

Neighborhood where immigrants of the same culture live together (ex: Chinatown).

Social Gospel

Christian movement urging people to help the poor and improve society.

13.5 million

Number of immigrants (1865–1900):

Southern and Eastern Europe

Most “New Immigrants” came from:

Latin America and Asia.

Today, most immigrants come from: