Walker Urban World Exam 3

LAST ONE

How have European cities grown over time?

European cities have grown through trade, industrialization, and urbanization, often centralizing in economically prosperous areas.

Historically, how have European cities ranked among the world's largest cities?

European cities dominated global rankings during colonialism and industrialization but declined post-WWII as cities in Asia and the Americas grew.

How is this projected to change?

European cities are projected to shrink in global ranking due to slower population growth.

What is the Demographic Transition?

A model describing population change from high birth and death rates to low rates over time.

What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Model?

1. High Stationary, 2. Early Expanding, 3. Late Expanding, 4. Low Stationary, 5. Declining.

How did the Demographic Transition play out in Europe?

Shifted in the 19th and 20th centuries due to industrialization and public health improvements.

What is the relationship between cities and the Demographic Transition Model?

Cities facilitate lower birth rates and higher mortality declines, advancing stages of the model.

What is Paris, and why is it significant?

Paris is the capital of France and a major cultural, political, and economic hub.

What historical events shaped Paris?

The French Revolution, Haussmann's renovations, and World Wars significantly influenced Paris.

What is Parisian urban form like?

Centralized with grand boulevards by Haussmann, dense cores, and a radial layout promoting functionality and aesthetics.

What is a banlieue in France?

Suburbs around Paris often associated with socioeconomic challenges.

Who tends to live in Parisian banlieues?

Predominantly immigrants and working-class populations.

What are living conditions like in Paris's banlieues?

Often marked by high-density housing, modernist architecture, and economic disparities.

What is Berlin, and why is it significant?

Berlin is the capital of Germany and a cultural and political icon.

What was Berlin's significance during the Cold War?

Berlin was divided into East and West, symbolizing ideological conflict.

What was the city like during this period?

East Berlin was socialist, with stark contrasts to the capitalist West.

How has political economy influenced Berlin's geography?

Berlin's division shaped infrastructure to reflect capitalist (West) and socialist (East) ideologies.

Why has Berlin emerged as a major tech hub in Europe?

Affordable living, creative industries, and government incentives attracted startups.

How does political economy figure in urban planning and urban development?

Political economy shapes city design, prioritizing either market efficiency (capitalism) or social equity (socialism).

What were cities like in Ancient Greece?

Cities were organized around the polis, with acropolises and agoras influencing modern civic centers.

What were cities like in Ancient Rome?

Known for grid layouts, aqueducts, and monumental architecture, forming the basis of infrastructure planning.

What were cities like in Medieval Europe?

Characterized by walled cities, organic growth patterns, and town squares influencing today's city centers.

What were cities like in Industrial Revolution-era Europe? What purpose has its urban form served?

Rapid urbanization, industrial hubs, and poor living conditions shaped modern zoning and public health systems. Improved traffic, aesthetics, public health, and symbolized modernity.

What historical figures are associated with Parisian urban form?

Haussmann, under Napoleon III, led 19th-century renovations.

Capitalism and liberalism

Emphasize free markets, individual rights, and minimal government intervention.

Socialism and communism

Focus on collective ownership, equitable resource distribution, and centralized planning.

Nationalism and fascism

Prioritize national unity, authoritarian control, and often suppress dissenting ideologies.

What does a "capitalist city" look like?

Market-driven growth, private property, economic stratification, and commercial hubs.

What does a "socialist city" look like?

Centralized planning, public housing, equitable access to resources, and communal spaces.

What is the "cradle of civilization?"

The region in the Middle East, especially Mesopotamia, where urbanization, agriculture, and writing first emerged.

Why is it significant in the context of human urbanization?

It represents the earliest known development of cities and organized societies.

Where is it believed that the world first urbanized?

Mesopotamia, particularly in the area of modern-day Iraq.

What is Uruk, and why is it significant?

An ancient Sumerian city, one of the world's first major urban centers and a hub of early civilization.

What is Babylon, and why is it significant?

A major ancient city in Mesopotamia known for Hammurabi's Code and the Hanging Gardens.

What cultural innovations emerged from early urbanization in the Middle East?
In what ways is cultural innovation associated with urbanization?

Writing systems, legal codes, monumental architecture, and organized religion. Cities provide concentrated populations for the exchange of ideas, goods, and culture.

How are global oil reserves distributed by country, and around the world?

The Venezuela holds the largest reserves, followed by Saudi Arabia, Canada, and Iran.

How are global gas reserves distributed by country, and around the world?

Russia, Iran, and Qatar dominate global gas reserves, with significant reserves also in the United States and Turkmenistan.

Where are the world's wealthiest countries per capita?
Why are they located there?

Mostly in Europe, North America, and the Gulf States, often due to resource wealth or diversified economies. Economic diversification, resource exploitation, and advanced financial systems.

What is Dubai, and why is it significant?

A major city in the UAE known for its rapid modernization, luxury tourism, and trade.

What is distinctive about Dubai, in regards to its urban form?

Skyscrapers, artificial islands, and futuristic infrastructure.

What are Dubai's major landmarks?

Burj Khalifa, Palm Jumeirah, and the Dubai Mall.

What are some major components of Dubai's economy?

Tourism, real estate, trade, and financial services.

How did Dubai get so rich? How might you describe Dubai's economic development strategy, and why has it worked for the region?

By diversifying from oil to tourism, finance, and trade. Focused on diversification, infrastructure development, and attracting foreign investment, leveraging its strategic location.

What is a "free zone" in Dubai?
What is an example of a "free zone," and what functions does it provide?

Special economic zones with tax exemptions and business incentives. Jebel Ali Free Zone supports logistics, trade, and manufacturing businesses with tax benefits and simplified regulations.

What is NEOM? What is Doha, and why is it significant?

A futuristic city in Saudi Arabia aimed at being a hub for technology and sustainability. The capital of Qatar, a center of wealth and culture in the Gulf region.

Percentage-wise, what countries have the highest share of their populations that are foreign-born?
In these countries, where are migrants likely to come from?

Gulf States like UAE and Qatar have the highest shares. South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa.

What is a population pyramid, and what does it illustrate?
What does Qatar's population pyramid look like, and why?

A graphical representation of a population's age and gender distribution. Skewed heavily toward young male laborers due to high migration for construction and infrastructure jobs.

Qatar's 2022 hosting of the men's soccer World Cup - What development projects did Qatar pursue to prepare for the World Cup?

Built new stadiums, transportation systems, and tourism infrastructure.

Why was the awarding of the World Cup to Qatar controversial?

Allegations of corruption, human rights abuses, and extreme climate conditions.

What job opportunities were available for labor migrants in regards to the 2022 World Cup?

Construction, hospitality, and service industry jobs.

What policies regulate labor migration in Qatar?

The kafala system, requiring sponsorship by employers, though reforms have been introduced.

What are working conditions like for labor migrants in Qatar?
What reforms has the country pursued?

Often poor, with reports of exploitation and unsafe environments. Abolished the kafala system, introduced minimum wage, and improved labor rights enforcement.

What does Qatar's population pyramid look like? Why?

It is heavily skewed toward young adult males. This is due to a high number of male labor migrants working in construction and infrastructure, with fewer women and children in the population.

In these countries, where are migrants likely to come from?

Migrants in Gulf States like Qatar and UAE primarily come from South Asia (India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan), Southeast Asia (Philippines, Indonesia), and parts of Africa.

In what ways is cultural innovation associated with urbanization?

Urbanization fosters concentrated populations, enabling the exchange of ideas, collaboration, and the development of art, technology, and societal advancements.

Regionally, how is the world's population distributed?

Asia has the highest population concentration, followed by Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania.

How does Africa figure here - both now and into the future?

Africa has a growing population, projected to double by 2050, becoming a major demographic center.

Where are the world's fastest-growing countries located?

Mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Congo.

How are their populations expected to change by mid-century?

They are expected to see significant increases due to high fertility rates and declining mortality.

Where in the world are countries located that are expected to decline in population by mid-century?

Countries in Eastern Europe, East Asia (Japan, South Korea), and some in Western Europe.

What are the world's largest countries by population?

Currently China, India, and the U.S., with India expected to surpass China by mid-century.

How is Africa's population distributed between rural and urban areas? How is this changing?

Africa is no longer predominantly rural, and urbanization is rapidly increasing. Urban areas are growing as people migrate for jobs and better living conditions.

What is Lagos, and why is it significant?

Lagos is Nigeria's largest city and a major economic hub in Africa.

What are some key economic characteristics of Lagos?

Lagos has a diverse economy, including finance, trade, manufacturing, and a booming tech sector.

Where are Lagos's wealthiest areas and centers of influence located?

In neighborhoods like Victoria Island, Ikoyi, and Lekki.

What is the demographic balancing equation, and what are its components? What is a total fertility rate (TFR), and how does it relate to the concept of replacement fertility within a society?

It calculates population change as births minus deaths plus net migration. TFR is the average number of children a woman is expected to have, with replacement fertility being the rate needed to maintain a stable population, typically 2.1 children per woman.

How is Nigeria's population structure changing?

Nigeria's population structure is youthful, with a growing number of young people due to high birth rates.What does its population structure suggest about the dynamics of population change within the country? It indicates rapid growth, with challenges in providing education, jobs, and infrastructure for a young population.

How do fertility rates vary geographically within Nigeria? How does this relate to cultural and socioeconomic circumstances within the country?

Fertility rates are higher in northern regions compared to southern regions. Higher fertility in the north is linked to lower education levels, early marriage, and stronger traditional norms compared to the more urbanized and educated south.

How has the infant mortality rate of Nigeria changed over time?

Infant mortality has declined due to improvements in healthcare, immunization, and public health initiatives, though rates remain high.

What is environmental sustainability?
What are some definitions of "sustainability," and why is it important?

Environmental sustainability refers to meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs, emphasizing resource conservation and ecosystem health. Sustainability is defined as maintaining ecological balance, ensuring long-term environmental health, and supporting economic and social equity. It is important for preserving resources, combating climate change, and fostering resilient societies.

In what ways are cities related to their natural environments? What are some urban initiatives in the United States to promote environmental sustainability?

Cities depend on natural environments for resources like water, energy, and food and impact ecosystems through pollution and land use. Initiatives include green building standards (LEED), urban green spaces, renewable energy programs, and improved public transit systems.

What is Mumbai, and why is it significant? How would you characterize the general geography of Mumbai?

Mumbai is India's financial capital, a major cultural hub, and one of the world's largest cities. Mumbai is located on a peninsula with limited land area, surrounded by the Arabian Sea, making it densely populated and prone to flooding.

What is Mumbai's historical significance in both pre- and post-independence India?

Pre-independence, it was a key colonial port under British rule. Post-independence, it became a center of finance, industry, and Bollywood.

How are cities growing in India? Where is urban growth taking place within the country?

Indian cities are growing rapidly through urban sprawl and migration. Urban growth is concentrated in metropolitan areas like Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, and emerging smaller cities.

How is India's population distributed between rural and urban areas?

India's population is still majority rural but rapidly urbanizing, with about 65% rural and 35% urban.

Geographically, how is Mumbai growing?

Mumbai is expanding through vertical growth, urban sprawl, and land reclamation projects to manage its dense population.

What are some major components of Mumbai's economy? How have these sectors influenced Mumbai's economic standing, both within India and globally?

Finance, Bollywood, trade, textiles, and technology are key sectors. They have established Mumbai as India's financial hub and a global city for commerce and entertainment.

What is Dharavi, and why is it significant? What are the relationships between income and waste generation?

Dharavi is one of the largest slums in the world, symbolizing both urban poverty and entrepreneurial resilience in Mumbai. Higher incomes typically lead to increased waste due to greater consumption and disposable packaging.

What is the environmental Kuznets curve?

It proposes that environmental degradation increases during early economic development but declines as societies become wealthier and prioritize sustainability.

What are some issues surrounding waste management in Mumbai?

Challenges include inadequate infrastructure, informal recycling, and environmental pollution.

How do wealthy countries manage their waste?

Wealthy countries use advanced recycling, incineration, and landfill technologies.What impacts does this waste management have on countries in the developing world? Waste is often exported to developing countries, leading to environmental and health hazards in those regions.

What is Delhi, and why is it significant?

Delhi is India's capital and a political, cultural, and historical center.

What is the Indian caste system, and how does it relate to social geography within Indian cities? Why is water access such a significant issue in India?

The caste system is a traditional social hierarchy dividing people into groups based on occupation and birth, influencing residential patterns and access to resources in Indian cities. India faces water scarcity due to overpopulation, inefficient infrastructure, pollution, and climate change.

What are the major ways in which Delhi residents acquire potable water? How does this vary by income level?

Wealthier residents rely on piped municipal water or private suppliers, while lower-income groups depend on community taps, water tankers, or informal sources. Higher-income residents have more consistent and cleaner water access, while the poor often face shortages and contamination risks.

Why is pollution in Delhi such a major issue?

Delhi's pollution stems from vehicle emissions, industrial waste, crop-burning, and construction dust, leading to hazardous air and water quality.

What is the cultural significance of the Yamuna River in India? What are some of the reasons why the Yamuna River has become polluted?

The Yamuna River is considered sacred in Hinduism, associated with purity and religious rituals. Industrial discharge, untreated sewage, and agricultural runoff have heavily contaminated the river.

What impacts has the pollution of the Yamuna River had on Indian residents?

It has caused health issues, reduced potable water availability, harmed livelihoods dependent on the river, and degraded its cultural and ecological significance.

What is a "global city?"

A global city is a major urban center that influences global economic, cultural, and political systems.

What are some examples of global cities, and what is their relationship to other cities around the world? Within their own countries?

Examples include New York, London, and Tokyo. They act as hubs for finance, trade, and culture, influencing smaller cities globally and domestically. Global cities often dominate national economies and serve as cultural and political capitals.

What are the "five criteria" used to assess the influence of global cities?

1. Economic activity, 2. Political influence, 3. Cultural significance, 4. Information exchange, 5. Human capital.

How do different global cities rank according to these criteria?

Cities like New York and London rank highest across all criteria, while others like Singapore excel in economic activity and human capital.

How do global city economies compare with that of countries around the world?

Many global cities have economies larger than entire countries, showcasing their immense economic power.

What is Shanghai? Why is it significant?

Shanghai is a major global city in China and the country's financial and trade hub. It drives China's economy and is a leading center for innovation, finance, and logistics.

How have China's cities grown since 1990? How has Shanghai changed?

China's cities have expanded rapidly through urbanization, industrialization, and infrastructure investments. Shanghai transformed from an industrial city to a global financial hub, marked by skyscrapers, modern infrastructure, and international trade.

How has China's economy grown over the past two decades? What are some of the reasons for these changes?

China's economy has grown significantly, becoming the second-largest in the world. Market reforms, foreign investment, export-driven policies, and large-scale infrastructure development.

In what ways is Shanghai distinctive, economically, within China?

Shanghai is China's largest financial and trade center, home to its busiest port and a hub for international business and innovation.

What is the hukou system in China?

The hukou system is a household registration system that controls internal migration and access to social services.

Why is the hukou system significant to urbanization in China?

It restricts rural-to-urban migration and creates disparities in access to housing, education, and healthcare.

What is Hong Kong, and why is it significant?

Hong Kong is a global financial center and a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China with a unique political and economic system.

What is Hong Kong's general geography?

Located on a small peninsula and islands, Hong Kong is densely populated, with a mix of skyscrapers, natural parks, and port facilities.