Life science chapter three study guide

What does DNA look like

twisted ladder, double helix

what makes up the sides of the DNA “ladder”

nucleotides

what are nucleotides

the subunit of DNA

three parts of a nucleotide

sugar, phosphate, and a base

Which base always pairs with adenine

Thymine

Which base always pairs with guanine

Cytosine

What is a gene

Section of a DNA molecule that codes for a unique protein

What is the main purpose of DNA information

So cells can live, grow, and reproduce

What is transcription

Process that cells use to make RNA copies of a gene

What is the role of mRNA

to carry out cells

What is translation

Process converting DNA code into a protein

What are codons

They make up the code of the DNA and its proteins

How many amino acids are coded for in translation

20

What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome

Codons

What structure reads the mRNA

Ribosomes

What base does RNA have that DNA does not

Ribonucleic acid

How is mRNA different from DNA

mRNA adds nucleotides to DNA

What is protein synthesis

The process of building a protein by bonding amino acids together

What are the three main parts of the cell cycle

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Which part of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time?

Interphase

What happens during pro phase

The membrane around the nucleus disappears and the chromatin of each chromosome begins to coil up

What happens during metaphase

The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell

What happens during anaphase

Sister chromatids pairs divide into separate chromosomes

What happens during telophase

The new chromoseries reach oppsite ends of the cell and begin to uncoil

What happens during cytokinesis

The parent cell pinches in between the two new nuclei until the cytoplasm is divided and two new cells are formed

What does mitosis ensure about daughter cells

They will have the same number and kinds of genes as the parent cell

What is asexual reproduction

Reproduction that does not include gametes

What is meiosis

The process that reduces by half the amount of DNA present in each sperm of the egg cell

What does it mean for a cell to be diploid

Each cell in the organism has two complete sets of all the genes the organisms needs

What does it mean for a cell to be haploid

To have one set of genes

What are homologus chromosomes

The matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell

What is fertilization

Joining of gametes to form a diploid cell

What is a zygote

The diploid cell that results from fertilization