Fundamentals of Communication, Sciences & Disorders Review

Communication

an exchange of ideas between senders and receivers that involves transmission and response/feedback.

4 Communication Processes

1. Formulation

2. Transmission

3. Reception

4. Comprehension

Formulation

the organization of ones thoughts or ideas.

Transmission

the conveying of ideas to another.

Forms:

• Speaking

• Signing

• Gesturing

• Writing

Reception

the receiving of information.

Comprehension

understanding and organizing the message.

Communication Disorder

anything that may affect any and all aspects of speech of communication.

ASHA

American Speech-language & Hearing Association

Speech Disorder

atypical production of speech sounds, interruption in the flow of speaking, or abnormal production of and/or absences voice quality.

Language Disorder

an impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written or other symbol systems. (such as English).

Hearing Disorder

a result of impaired sensitivity of the auditory or hearing system.

Central Auditory Processing Disorders

deficits in the processing of information from audible signals.

Augmentative/alternative Communication

attempts often taught by SLPs to compensate and facilitate, on a temporary or permanent basis, for impaired or disabled communication disorders, whether signing or the use of digital methods

Linguistic

communication that

• speaking

• vocalizing

• writing

Non-linguistic

communication that isn’t spoken or written words.

• eye contact

• facial expression

• posture

• proximity

Paralinguistic

vocal elements accompanying spoken words to change or modify their meaning.

• pitch

• loudness

• pausing

Language

A socially shared code.

Domains of Language

• Form

  • Phonology

  • Morphology

  • Syntax

• Content

  • Semantics

• Use

  • Pragmatics

Form

the domain of language that includes:

• Phonology

• Morphology

• Syntax

Phonology

the study of speech sounds and sound patterns.

Phoneme

the smallest unit of sound.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

a system of symbols used to write down the exact sounds of spoken human language.

Morphology

rules governing the internal structure of words.

Morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit of language.

Syntax

rules governing the internal organization of sentences.

• noun, verb, article, preposition

• noun phrase, prepositional phase

• sentence/verb phase

Content

the domain of language that includes semantics.

Semantics

the study of the meaning of individual words & word combinations.

Use

the domain of language that includes pragmatics.

Pragmatics

rules governing how language is used in social situations (context).

Speech

a neuromuscular process that allows us to express language vocally.

• the precise activation of muscles in the respiration, phonation, and articulation systems

Domains of Speech

• Respiration (Breath stream)

• Voice

• Articulation

• Fluency

Respiration

the act of breathing that provides the moving air needed to make sound.

Voice

the sound produced when air from your lungs passes through your vocal cords in your throat, making them vibrate.

Voice Loudness

the intensity of the sound produced.

Voice Frequency

the pitch of the sound produced.

Articulation of Speech

the movement of the speech mechanism to produce the sounds of speech.

Fluency of Speech

the smooth, steady, and effortless flow of talking without unusual long pauses, blocks, or repeated sounds.

Hearing

the perception of sound.

Acuity of Hearing

the sharpness, clarity, or sensitivity of your hearing.

Central Auditory Processing

the process of how your brain makes sense of the sounds that your ears hear.