Regeneration strategies

T4 - Regeneration

local gov. policies - planning regulations - competition

• local authorities compete to create attractive business environments

• for high skill investors/workers

• attracting businesses and high skill workers = inc. tax takings of council and employment

• more business friendly planning regulations helps investment

local gov. policies - planning regulations - attracting business/workers

• new roads and transport infrastructure

• e.g. manchester metro link service, expanded to manchester airport

• new housing, factories and offices for rent - more attractive

local gov. policies - planning regulations - science parks

• authorities create plans to designate specific areas for development

• parks often in partnership with universities

• knowledge based industry = important to national gov. for economic growth, so may receive national support

science parks

industrial zones which focus on research in the quaternary industry

• often occur in partnership with universities

local gov. policies - interest groups - what are they

• can support a range of perspectives/interests

• range from chambers of commerce = support local business interest

• local conservation/preservation societies

• tarde unions - can lobby and affect local gov. policy

local gov. policies - interest groups - tensions

• different groups may have conflicting aims

• e.g. chamber of commerce want to support new business, preservation group wants to keep greenbelt

local gov. policies - interest groups - changing places

• fabric, function and environment of places changes over time

• different people and groups attracted to an area

• can create tension

• often better organised groups in affluent areas

urban regeneration strategies - sport led

• e.g. Stratford olympic park, London

• manchester sports city - Etihad stadium, national cycle velodrome

urban regeneration strategies - culture led

• try to rework old buildings

• e.g. sage gateshead - landmark music venue in NE england

• e.g. liverpool and hull - european capitals of culture

• e.g. salford - Lowry theatre

urban regeneration strategies - tourism/leisure led

• projects often based around historic sites

• e.g. Belfasts titanic quarter

• e.g. Warwick/cardiff castle sites

urban regeneration strategies - retail led

• major shopping malls

• e.g. Westfield - London, Trafford centre - manchester

• street/food markets

• e.g. borough market/spitalfields market in London

rural regeneration strategies - culture led

• exploiting famous people

• e.g. dorchester - tom hardy

• e.g. yorkshire - brome country (where bronte’s wrote their novels)

rural regeneration strategies - media led

• e.g. filming of Harry Potter - Alnwick castle - NE England

• e.g. hosting Downton abbey - highclere castle, Hampshire

rural regeneration strategies - tourism/leisure led

• custom built facilities can regenerate areas

• e.g. centre parcs, Butlins

• e.g. B&Bs, Ambleside

• e.g. soho farmhouse, opened by soho house group in rural area

rural regeneration strategies - sport led

• outdoor activity centre in forest parks

• e.g. go ape in Norfolk

• e.g. north Wales - visitors can do outdoor activities in old mines/quarries

regeneration strategies - rebranding - urban areas

• deindustrialise cities - use industrial history as an asset

• create museums to exploit history

• convert old industrial buildings into apartments/offices

• e.e. wework - makes old industrial buildings ‘cool’ offices

• old canal basins/river quayside - turned into shops and hotels

• e.g. Ambleside, cumbria - mill turns into attractive feature

regeneration strategies - rebranding - rural areas (agriculture)

• post production countryside (areas that no longer make most income from farming fishing, mining or industry)

• rebranding = usual farm animals (alpacas), non-food crops (flowers), farm shops

• e.g. Stockley farm - can visit and pet animals

regeneration strategies - rebranding - rural areas (non agricultural)

• converting farm buildings into offices

• tea shops

• campsites

• paint balling/clay pigeon shooting

• musical festivals e.g. Glastonbury

• art festivals

regeneration strategies - rebranding - rural areas (environmental schemes)

• environmental stewardship schemes = land management to improve water quality and farm wildlife

• planting woodland = by forestry commission, areas like new forest are visited for woodland

• ecovillages = aim to be environmentally and socially responsible

• e.g. poundbury in Dorset

measures of regeneration success - economic

• inc. income levels

• better economic performance - comparing IMD indicators

• changes to employment/unemployment locally

measures of regeneration success - environmental

• improvements in encironemtnal quality - air/water quality measures according to EA data

• improvements in available green space to locals

• imp. to safety/ security by neighbourhood redesign - lighting, street furniture

• tackling environmental stress factors - dereliction, industrial pollution, litter, noise, graffiti

• e.g. using policing or projects

measures of regeneration success - social

• net migration into area

• demographic change from census - e.g. more young people

• reduction in life expectancy and health inequality (comp. to national avg.)

• improvements in educational outcomes

judgements of regeneration success - politics

stakeholders may judge success differently based on different criteria

• leads to disagreement

• competing for votes may affect decisions

• some think value for money is most important

• conflicts between national/local policies and regeneration schemes

• schemes may be cancelled by changes in local/national gov

judgements of regeneration success - cultural difference

• new people may enter an area

• may have different cultures and preferences due to background

• e.g. establishing chinatowns = some may love, some may dislike

judgements of regeneration success - demographic changes

• local people may be forced out of an area

• elderly may dislike a reigon - business, less green spaces

• lower income = may not be able to afford areas due to inc. in popularity = high cost of living and housing

judgements of regeneration success - change of a places character

• new jobs, people and developments - may change a places character

• locals may like status quo

• skyscrapers and offices in previously rural town = may tarnish locals attachment and memories

• live experience, attachment and perception affects views of a place

stakeholder attitudes - property developers

• seek to maximise profits

• build more houses/offices

• sell/rent them at a higher price

stakeholder attitudes - national gov.

• likely to want to fit regional strategies into national strategies

• e.g. 2010-15 target to build 200,000 houses annually

stakeholder attitudes - local gov.

• will want to attract investment

• raises living standards and reduces deprivation levels

stakeholder attitudes - residents

• want higher quality housing - at lower price

• want more employment opportunities

• better community facilities, feeling of wellbeing and belonging

stakeholder attitudes - local businesses

• want to increase footfall, sales and profitability

• unlikely to want to see inc. in competition

voter apathy

political engagement reduces as people become more removed from the centre of power

players

those involved in an issue, proposal or project

• stakeholders that have an interest or stake in what is happening