ILM 2 Terms

Upper limb function

Interactions with environment, balance, momentum, communication and survival

Upper limb features

Long levers, maximize function of hands, wide range of motion, most mobile in anterior of body, not weight bearing, stability maintained by soft tissue

Pectoral girdle region

Scapula and clavicle

Arm region

Only between shoulder and elbow joint (humerus)

Forearm region

Radius and ulna; distal, between elbow joint and wrist joint

Hand region

Carpals, metacarpals, phalangess

Scapula

Flat and triangular, glenoid cavity/fossa

Clavicle

Long, s-shaped, round lateral end and a flatter medial end

Humerus

arm, long bone, articulates with glenoid cavity has medial and lateral epicondyles

Deltoid tuberosity

lateral, deltoid muscle

radius

lateral aspect/thumb side; articulates with ulna and carpals

radial tuberosity

muscle attachment for biceps brachii

ulna

pinky side/medial, posterior, articulates with radius

olecranon process

muscle attachment for triceps brachii

carpals

8 short bones (2 rows); proximal articulate with radius and ulna and distally with metacarpal

metacarpals

5 long bones (MCI - thumb)

Phalanges

3 for each of the fingers except thumb; past knuckles

Sternoclavicular (SC)

joint between sternum and clavicle (medial); synovial, plane joint; sliding and gliding; connects between pectoral girdle and axial skeleton

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint

acromion (scapula) and lateral clavicle; synovial; plane joint, sliding and gliding; stabilizes scapula and clavicle

Glenohumeral joint

scapula (glenoid fossa) articulates with humerus head; synovial; ball and socket; F/E, Ab/Ad and rotation; large range of motion

Elbow Joint

2 parts - humeroradial and humeroulnar (work together); synovial, hinge, F and E

Proximal radioulnar joint

radius (head) articulates with ulna (radial notch)

distal radioulnar joint

radius (ulnar notch) articulates with ulnar (head); pivot joint; pronation and supination

radiocarpal joint

radius articulates with carpals (proximal row); synovial, ellipsoid, F/E, Ab/Ad, rotation

Intercarpal joint

proximal palm, between carpals, synovial, plane, sliding/gliding; allows shape of palm to adjust to finger movement

carpometacarpal joints (CMC)

distal palm, between carpals (distal row) and metacarpal (bases); plane, sliding/gliding

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

palm to fingers (knuckle joints); metacarpal (head) to proximal phalanx (base); synovial, ellipsoid; F/E, Ab/Ad; movement of fingers in space

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint

proximal phalanx (head) to middle phalanx (base); hinge, F/E

distal interphalangeal joint (dip)

middle phalanx (head) to distal phalanx (base); hinge, F/E

First Carpometacarpal Joint

palm to thumb, saddle joint, F/E, Ab/Ad and opposition

concentric role of muscle

shortening of muscle fibers to create a movement; agonist so it is causing the action or movement

eccentric role of muscle

lengthening of muscle (opposite of contracting); antagonist doing the opposite to allow agonist to move

isometric role of muscle

basically stabilizing function to keep limb in a particular position

movements of scapula

protraction (pulling forward), retraction (moving backwards), elevation (lifting up), depression (moving downwards), rotation (upwards/downwards)

trapezius

posterior, large diamond shape, attaches at base of skull, along midline of spin and to clavicle and scapula; upple, middle and lower fibers

Pectoralis Minor

Anterior (front of thorax), involved in flexion; attaches to ribs (3-5) and scapula (protraction)

Deltoid

lateral, triangular, attaches to scapula (posterior); clavicle (anterior) to humerus (deltoid tuberosity)

Pectoralis Major

anterior, extensive attachment (2/3 of clavicle, all the way down the sternum); flexion, adduction, medial rotation

biceps brachii

anterior, two-heads, two superior attachments - scapula and radius, causes flexion and extension at elbow joint, also causes supination

triceps brachii

posterior, three heads, attaches to scapula, humerus and ulna, extension at shoulder and elbow

supinator

anterior, proximal, attaches to humerus, radius and ulna

pronator teres

anterior, proximal, attaches medially to humerus to radius

pronator quadratus

anterior, distal, attaches ulna to radius, rotates radius causing pronation

flexor muscle group

superficial, anterior forearm; includes flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus

Extensor muscles

posterior, have extension movement; include extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris

extrinsic hand muscles

originate in the forearm and insert in the hand; forceful gripping

intrinsic hand muscles

originate and insert internally

Function of lower limb

support, weight bearing; movement through space/locomotion (gait cycle)

Joint stability

trade off between stability and mobility

Gluteal region

illiac crest to gluteal fold (buttocks)

thigh region

proximal, between “groin” (inguinal ligament) and knee joint; includes hip joint

leg region

between knee joint and ankle joint (distal)

foot

distal to ankle joint, makes contact with ground, toes (digits)

Pelvic bone

3 fused bones, ilium, ischium and pubis, attachment site for many muscles

Femur

long bone, head articulates with acetabulum of hip, medial and lateral condyles articulate with tibia (knee joint); gluteus maximus attaches to gluteal tuberosity

Patella

anterior, sesamoid bone; proximal articulates with quadriceps tendon and distally with patellar ligaments; articulates with femur; most stable in flexion

Tibia

bigger; medial, long bone, weight bearing, tibial plateau (proximal) articulates with femoral condyles; medial malleolus (distal) articulates with talus (tarsal bone); tibial tuberosity attaches to patellar ligament

Fibula

lateral, long bone; non weight-bearing, head articulates with tibia, lateral malleolus (distal) articulates with talus (tarsal bone)

tarsal bones

7, ankle (talus) and heel (calcaneus)

metatarsal bones

5 long bones; make up most of foot with tarsals

phalanges

big toe has 2; all other have 3

Hip Joint

femur (head) to hip bone (acetabulum); ball and socket joint; F/E, Ab/Ad and rotation; large range of motion

Knee Joint

femur (condyles) to tibia (tibial plateau); condylar shape, F/E and some rotation when knee is flexed, low stability

Collateral ligaments

medial (tibia), prevents abduction; lateral (fibula), prevents adduction

Cruciate Ligaments

Anterior (ACL) and Posterior (PCL)

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

prevents anterior sliding of tibia

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

prevents posterior sliding of tibia (or sliding backwards)

Menisci

fibrocartilage pads, attached to tibial plateau and medial collateral ligament; increases stability, weight bearing, shock absorption

Ankle Joint

Talocrural; Hinge joint; F/E; collateral ligaments (medial and lateral) prevent Ab/Ad; most stable in dorsiflexion

Intertarsal

plane; inversion (towards midline) and eversion (towards outside)

tarsometatarsal, intermetatarsal

sliding; plane shape

metatarsophalangeal

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction; ellipsoid

interphalangeal

flexion and extension; uniaxial hinge

Iliopsoas

anterior, 2 muscles joint together (psoas major and iliacus); attaches to vertebral column and ilium → femur; causes hip flexion

Rectus Femoris

anterior; part of quadricepts femoris muscle; only one that crosses hip joint anteriorly; causes hip flexion

Gluteus Maximus

Posterior; quadrangular large muscle; attaches to illium and femur; causes hip extension

Hamstrings (3 muscles)

Posterior; Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus; attaches to ischium and head of fibula; causes hip extension

Quadricepts femoris

anterior to knee, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius (VI is deep); attaches to Illium and femur; cause knee extension

hamstrings

posterior to knee, 3 muscles, attaches to ischium, head of fibula, medial tibia; causes knee flexion

gastrocnemius

posterior to knee, forms shape of calf, two heads (medial and lateral); femur condyles to calcaneal tendon; causes knee flexion

Tibialis Anterior

Anterior, superficial, attaches to tibia and interosseous membrane and tarsal/metatarsals; causes dorsiflexion

triceps surare

posterior, 3 muscles - gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris, attaches to femur tibia and calcaneal tendon; causes plantarflexion

stance phase of gait cycle

Early stance; Mid stance; Late stance

Early stance

Hip: Flexion moving to extension; concentric muscles are posterior muscles

Knee: in extension (for stability); isometric muscle contraction - quadriceps femoris, hammys. gastrocneumius

Ankle: dorsiflexion (moving into plantarflexion); concentric muscles are posterior (triceps surae); eccentric is tibialis anterior

Mid Stance

Hip: doing the same as early stance

Knee: moving from extension to slight flexion; concentric muscles used

Ankle: moving into plantarflexion, concentric muscles (posterior) and triceps surae

Late Stance

Hip: Same, in extension

Knee: moves from slight flexion into extension (as ankle moves to plantarflexion); requires anterior (quadriceps femoris)

Ankle: Same; in full plantarflexion

Swing Phase of gait cycle

early swing, mid swing, late swing

early swing

toe off

Hip: in extension but moving to flexion; need to activate anterior muscles

Knee: in flexion; concentric muscles are the posterior (hammys and gastrocnemius)

Ankle: In dorsiflexion (allows clearance of toes during swing)

Mid swing

Hip: Same, moving further into flexion

Knee: same, in flexion

Ankle: same, in dorsiflexion

Late swing

Hip: same, moved further into flexion, using same muscles

Knee: in flexion, but moving into extension (to prepare for heel strike/knee locking), activates anterior muscles (quads)

Ankle: in dorsiflexion; anterior (shortening) is tibialis anterior, isometric is triceps surae

What does your brain do for you

senses our environment, produces an appropriate response; matches sensory environment around us with our body’s needs and creates actions and associate emotions

2 parts of nervous system

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (peripheral nerves/ganglia)

Sensory Division of Nervous system

afferent; ascending; information that goes INTO the brain

Motor Division of Nervous System

efferent; descending; response that comes OUT of the brain

Somatic Division of Nervous System

stuff that we are aware of/have control over; voluntary muscle control; sensory information we are aware of

Autonomic Division of Nervous System

the stuff we are not aware of/have no control over; involuntary muscle control; sensory information we don’t know about

neurons

specialized for carrying neural information; carried in form of electrical signals inside the cell

glia

provide protection and support for neurons, provide nutrients to neurons, repair damaged nervous tissue, make myelin sheath, circulate cerebrospinal fluid

4 Anatomical regions of neuron

dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminal

dendrites

where information comes to that cell, receives input, send info to cell body