Globalization & Global Governance Reviewer

Flashcards covering the definitions, processes, actors, and organizations involved in globalization and global governance.

Globalization

The process by which economies, cultures, and populations become increasingly interconnected and interdependent through cross-border trade, technology, investment, and migration.

Economic process (Globalization)

A process that increases interdependence among countries by moving goods, services, capital, and labor across borders, creating global markets and multinational companies.

Political process (Globalization)

A process where countries cooperate through international agreements and organizations to promote diplomacy, peace, and collective decision-making, such as the United Nations.

Cultural process (Globalization)

The spread and exchange of ideas, beliefs, traditions, languages, food, and music, which can increase cultural awareness or lead to loss of local traditions.

Social process (Globalization)

The increase of interaction and communication among people from different nations through migration, tourism, education, and international collaboration.

Technological process (Globalization)

The spread of innovation and information that makes communication, transportation, and business faster and more efficient, including AI and smartphones.

Liberalization

A concept linked to freedom and the global integration of markets, often associated with Adam Smith and free markets/laissez-faire.

Manfred Steger's definition of Globalization

The expansion and intensification of social connections across world time and world space.

Economic Globalization

A historical process resulting from human innovation and technological progress, characterized by the integration of economies through the movement of goods, services, and capital.

Modern World-System

An analysis by Immanuel Wallerstein describing a broad economic entity with a division of labor not limited by political or cultural boundaries.

Core

Areas in Wallerstein's hierarchy that dominate the capitalist world-economy and exploit other regions; examples include the U.S., Japan, and Germany.

Periphery

Areas that provide raw materials to the core and are heavily exploited, often featuring weak governments or coercive labor, such as regions in Africa and Latin America.

Semi-periphery

A residual category in Wallerstein's hierarchy that acts as a buffer between the core and periphery, including countries like India, China, and Brazil.

Market integration

A phenomenon where related markets for goods and services show similar patterns of price increases or decreases, fusing many markets into one.

Bretton Woods System

A global economic system established after World War II to prevent self-interested policies like protectionism and competitive devaluation.

John Maynard Keynes

The representative of the British delegation during the establishment of the Bretton Woods system.

Harry D. White

The U.S. Treasury representative during the establishment of the Bretton Woods system.

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

An organization created in $1945$ to provide policy advice and financing to member nations facing economic difficulties and macroeconomic instability.

World Bank

Established in $1944$ as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to promote international economic cooperation and post-WWII reconstruction.

State

A political and territorial entity composed of a government, territory, population, and sovereignty.

Nation

A population or community sharing a common culture, identity, ideals, or sense of belonging, emphasizing social and emotional dimensions.

Internationalism

Cooperation among countries in a field that is typically more limited than the scope of globalization.

Liberal Internationalism

A concept associated with Immanuel Kant suggesting that the international system becomes chaotic without a form of global government.

Socialist Internationalism

A concept associated with Karl Marx that emphasizes economic equality and divides the world by social classes rather than state borders.

INGOs (International Non-Governmental Organizations)

International, not-for-profit organizations that perform public functions without being run by nation-states, such as CARE International or Greenpeace.

CARE International

An INGO founded in $1945$ focusing on poverty reduction, humanitarian aid, social development, and emergency response.

WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)

An INGO founded in $1961$ in Switzerland that focuses on environmental protection, wildlife conservation, and biodiversity.

Greenpeace

An environmental activism INGO founded in $1971$ in Canada known for public campaigns and peaceful, non-violent confrontation.

Amnesty International

A human-rights INGO founded in $1961$ by Peter Benenson that works against human-rights abuses independently of governments.

Global governance

The interacting processes, institutions, norms, and formal/informal mechanisms that regulate action for the common good and negotiate transnational problems.

United Nations (UN)

The most prominent international organization in the contemporary world, founded after WWII and headquartered in New York City.

General Assembly (GA)

The main deliberative and policymaking organ of the UN; the notes identify Annalena Baerbock as its President.

Security Council (SC)

The UN organ responsible for international peace and security, consisting of $5$ permanent members (P5) and $10$ non-permanent members.

ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council)

A UN organ that reviews policy and makes recommendations on social and environmental issues; its $2025\text{--}2026$ President is Lok Bahadur Thapa.

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The UN organ that settles legal disputes between states; the notes identify Judge Yuji Iwasawa as President and Judge Julia Sebutinde as Vice-President.

Secretariat

The organ that performs the UN's day-to-day work, led by Secretary-General António Guterres who serves a five-year renewable term.

Global North

Countries generally characterized by higher income, high industrialization, advanced technology, and greater global influence.

Global South

Countries generally developing or with lower income, often dependent on agriculture and natural resources, and facing economic development gaps.

Alfred Sauvy

The individual connected to the term Global South as a post-Cold War alternative to the Third World.

ASEAN regionalism

A form of regional cooperation in the post-Cold War era emphasizing conflict resolution and shared political and economic interests.