Skin & Skeletal Practical Exam (BIO 121, Parkland College)

Epidermis

Outer most layer of cells/stratified squamous epithelium

Stratum corneum

outermost protective layer of epidermis, 5 - 30 layers keratinized cells [FIRST LAYER/CORNEA]

Stratum basale

Basal (deepest) layer of epidermis, most cells are basal cells [BASE]

Dermis

Located between epidermis and hypodermis, contains collagen and elastic fibers

Dermal papilla

Blood vessels that nourish all hair follicles and bring nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. Arranged in ridgelike lines. [PAPILLA HAS RIDGES]

Hair follicle

Small cavity in dermis and corium of the skin from which a hair develops.

Hair root

Anchors the hair into the skin (extends from base of follicle to where hair shaft loses connection w/follicle walls)

Arrector pili muscle

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle; contractions pull hair erect. [LOOKS LIKE MUSCLE IN DERMIS]

Sebaceous gland

holocrine glands that discharge oily lipid secretions. contractions of arrector pili muscle causes release of sebum. [LOOKS LIKE A GLAND]

Sweat glands

a small gland that secretes sweat, situated in the dermis of the skin. Such glands are found over most of the body, and have a simple coiled tubular structure. Apocrine glands produce odor and starts secreting at puberty. Merocrine glands is the most common. [COILED LIKE WRINGING OUT SWEATY TOWEL]

Hypodermis

subcutaneous layer of superficial fascia. Separates integument from deep fascia. Deepest layer that is NOT a part of the skin.

Axial Skeleton

126 bones. Bones of skull, thorax, and vertebral column. Longitudinal axis of body.

Skull

head

Frontal

Forehead to beginning of nose [FRONT OF HEAD]

Parietal

back of skull [PARENTS ARE ALWAYS BEHIND CHILDREN]

Occipital

bottom of skull [OCTOPUS ON THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN]

Foramen magnum

large hole where spinal cord enters the cranial cavity. [MAGNUMS ARE FOR-A-MEN/HOLE]

Occipital condyle

2 oval shaped bumps on either side of the foramen magnum [ CC: COND(OM)YLE NEXT TO YOUR MAGNUM]

temporal

side of skull connected to parietal and occipital bone [WHEN YOU HAVE A TEMPER YOU RUB THE SIDE OF YOUR HEAD]

mastoid process

a conical prominence of the temporal bone behind the ear [MASTER LARGEST PROCESS]

External acoustic meatus

ear canal [MEAT MAKES ME LISTEN TO ACOUSTIC MUSIC EXTERNALLY!]

styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull [STYLOID PEN]

carotid canal

passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the middle cranial fossa from the neck [I WANNA SHOVE A CARROT IN THE HIGHEST SMALLER CANAL]

Sphenoid Bone

Behind eyes

[WHEN YOUR ANNOYED YOU RUB THIS BONE]

Sella turcica

small depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland

optic canal

Allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye

foramen ovale

oval shaped opening in the middle cranial fossa located at the posterior base of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone,

Ethmoid Bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

cribriform plate

form roof of nasal cavity

crista galli

is a median ridge of bone that projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

olfactory foramina

Where the nerves with sense of smell pass thru, on ethmoid bone

Lacrimal

lacrimal bone forms part of the medial wall of the orbit, or pertaining to tears

Nasal

Bridge of nose

Vomer

Flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.

Inferior nasal conchae

extend horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Zygomatic

Cheek bone

[YOUR ZYGOMATICS ARE PINK]

Zygomatic arch

the processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones; determines the widest part of the face

Maxilla

bone located beneath the nose

Palatine

posterior, makes up hard palette

Mandible

lower jaw bone [YOU NEED THIS BONE TO SAY MANNNN]

Mental foramen

opening in the mandible for passage of chin artery/nerve

Mandibular foramen

Mandible

Condylar process

head of condyle, elliptical in shape, articulates with temporal bone, neck of condyle

Coronoid process

the anterior projection at the top of the rami

Hyoid

small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach. Not attached to any other bones. [HY OID YOU LIKE MY FLOATING BONE?]

Vertebrae Body

provides support for body by forming column with other bodies known as centrum. Thoracic region.

Spinous process

a bony projection off the posterior (back) of each vertebra

Transverse process

small bony projection off the right and left side of each vertebrae.

Vertebral foramen

canal through which the spinal cord passes [THIS VERTEBRAL HOLE IS FOR A MAN]

Pedicle

Short stalks that form sides of vertebral foramen, projecting from bodies

lamina

part of the vertebral arch

intervertebral foramen

opening between vertebrae for passage of a spinal nerve

superior articular facet (process)

A flat or nearly flat surface on a bone; where two vertebrae articulate; superior side

inferior articular facet (process)

A flat or nearly flat surface on a bone; where two vertebrae articulate; inferior side

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

are the smallest, lightest vertebrae.

[COFFEE FOR BREAKFAST/FIRST]

transverse foramen (cervical vertebrae)

opening in the transverse process of a cervical vertebra for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein

Atlas (C1)

most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine

Axis (C2)

supports the atlas

-has heavy spinous processes to attach muscles of head and neck

Dens

A toothlike process projecting upward from the body of the axis around which the atlas rotates.

Vertebra prominens (C7)

distinctive long and prominent spinous process, which is palpable from the skin surface

Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. [TURKEY FOR LUNCH/SECOND]

transverse costal facets

grooves on the side of a thoracic vertebra that helps the vertebra attach to the rib cage.

Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

he five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis. They are the largest segments of the vertebral column

Sacrum

five fused vertebrae that form the posterior of the pelvic girdle

Coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone [THE TAILLLBONNNESS THE COCCYX]

True Ribs

first seven pairs of the rib cage

[FIRST IS ALWAYS TRUE]

False Ribs

last 5 pairs of ribs; attach indirectly to sternum [LAST IS ALWAYS FALSE]

Floating Ribs

last two pairs of ribs not joined to the sternum at all, attach to the thoracic vertebrae [ALWAYS FLOAT WHEN YOU'RE IN THE BACK]

Sternum

The breast bone [CHEST IS STERN]

Manubrium

the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

Sternum body

main long part of sternum

Xiphoid process

sword-shaped lower tip of the sternum

Sternal angle

synarthrotic joint formed by the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

80 bones, bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

Upper Limb

arm, forearm, hand

Clavicle

Collar bone

Scapula (right or left)

shoulder blade or wing bone, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone)

Glenoid cavity

Depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus

Scapular spine

long ridge running down the scapula

Supraspinous fossa

depression above spine

Infaspinous fossa

much larger than the supraspinatous fossa; toward its vertebral margin a shallow concavity is seen at its upper part

Acromion

lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint

Coracoid process

Process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

Subscapular fossa

The entire anterior surface of the scapula.

Humerus Bone (right or left)

long bone in the upper arm

Humerus head

Semi round proximal end articulates with scapula

Anatomical neck

The neck of the humerus that narrows behind the head of the humerus.

Surgical neck

The neck of the humerus that is prone to fractures.

Greater tubercle

situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posterolateral to the lesser tubercle

Lesser tubercle

more prominent than the greater tubercle: it is situated in front, and is directed medially and anteriorly.

Olecranon fossa

posterior. hole where the lower limb bones articulates with humerus

Medial epicondyle

larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle

Lateral epicondyle

small, tuberculated eminence, curved a little forward, and giving attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow joint

trochlea

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

capitulum

rounded knob on the humerus; adjoins the radius

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm

olecranon (process)

forms the pointed portion of the elbow.

Ulna styloid process

the pointer at the tip of ulna

Radius bone

smaller bone in the forearm (lower arm) on the same side as the thumb

Radius head

cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum of the humerus.