BIO 1/10 cellular respiration

Glucose

A simple sugar with the molecular formula $\text{C}6\text{H}{12}\text{O}_6$ that serves as a primary source of energy.

Proton Gradient

Difference in proton concentration across a membrane

NADH

Reduced co-enzyme transporting electrons to the electron transport chain.

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Location of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase.

ATP

A nucleic-acid-derived molecule storing energy in phosphate bonds.

Pyruvate

The end product of glycolysis

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

The direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

P/O Ratio

The number of ATP molecules produced per atom of oxygen consumed in oxidative phosphorylation.

Decarboxylation

The removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule

Pyruvate Oxidation

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Molecule formed when one phosphate group is removed; it is converted back to ATP with the addition of a phosphate group.

Chemiosmosis

Process using the proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

Cellular Respiration

Metabolic pathways converting glucose energy into ATP.

Final Electron Acceptor

Substance that accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain; in aerobic respiration

ATP Synthase

Enzyme using proton flow to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Krebs Cycle

Cyclical series of reactions oxidizing acetyl-CoA

Mitochondrial Matrix

The space inside the inner membrane of mitochondria where the Krebs cycle occurs.

FADH₂

Reduced co-enzyme that transports electrons to the electron transport chain.

Aerobic

Process requiring the presence of oxygen.

CO₂

A molecule made of 1 carbon and 2 oxygen atoms

Cyanide Poisoning

Inhibition of electron transport chain

Oxidative Decarboxylation

A reaction in which a molecule is oxidized and loses carbon dioxide.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP synthesis driven by the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

Acetyl-CoA

Molecule that enters the Krebs cycle after pyruvate oxidation.

Electron Transport Chain

Series of protein complexes transferring electrons and pumping protons to create a gradient for ATP synthesis.

Citric Acid Cycle

Another name for the Krebs cycle

Intermembrane Space

The region between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes where protons are pumped.

Photophosphorylation

The use of light energy to generate ATP.

Fermentation

Anaerobic process converting pyruvate to lactate or ethanol.

H₂O

A molecule consisting of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

Glycolysis

Anaerobic process breaking down glucose into pyruvate

Anaerobic

Process occurring without the presence of oxygen.

Proton-Motive Force

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient.