Gr11 Bio ch3

What are characteristics of fungi

Eukaryotic, Heterotroph, mostly multi-cellular, Typical not motile, can reproduce asexually, cells contain chitin, most live in damp environment, feeds by extracellular digestion

What’s a fruiting structure

Above ground (the mushroom cap) bad form the mushrooms gills. the spore are realized to the environment, and mushrooms can release as many as 100 million spore an hr

What is the body structure

The main part of the fungus which is located underground, made of branching network of filaments that collectively called mycelium, and separately called hyphae

What is hyphae

microscopically thin, they consist long tubes of cytoplasm containing many nuclei

What is the fungus life cycle

1. each spore is related ishapliod. The spores grow and produce hyphae with one nucleus

2. When two hyphae come in contact two of their cells fuse, forming a dikaryotic cell

3. The dikaryotic hyphae grow into mycelium which produces the mushroom cap when it matures. Inside the basilica gills the two haploid nuclei fuse forming a zygote.

4. the zygote divides and produces 4 haploid spores

What are some symbiotic relationship fungi can have with organisms

Fungi + Tree (Any plant)

Fungi + Cyanobacteria = lichen

How does the symbolic relationship of fungi + tree work

The fungus loves in the roots of many trees. The fungi branches out and increases the surface area of the tree roots so the tree can get more food and water. The tree produces leaves and sends it towards the roots giving the fungus can use as food

How does the symbiotic relationship of Fungi +Cyanobacteria = Lichens

The fungus provides structural support, carbon dioxide, water to the cyanobacteria. The cyanobacteria shares its carbohydrates with the fungus

What are some of the groups of fungi

Zygospore Fungi, Club Fungi, Sac fungi, Imperfect Fungi

Zygospore fungi

Reproduces asexually& sexually, During sexual reproduction it produces zygospores.
An example: Bread Mould

Club Fungi

Have short lived reproductive structure called basidicars (fruiting bodies) that form from basdiospores

An Example: mushroom bracket fungi, puffballs

Sac fungi

indetified by finger like sacs called which form during sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction spores are produced at the tip of hyphae

An Example : mildews, Morels, Truffles, Yeats

Imperfect fungi

They don’t have a sexual phase,

An example panicillium, P Request (Blue Cbeese, soya sauce)

What is the differences between the plant kingdoms and other kingdoms

plants conduct photosynthesis, and can’t move on their own if it's not by wind, water, or other external forces. While most of the other kingdoms are able to move on their own and none use photosynthesis 

Why do Bryophytes requires open water to be successful

they don’t have any seeds or stems, nor do they have rigid support systems, as well they aren’t able to reproduce without moisture. 

What are the 5 main groups of plants are

Green Algae, Mosses and Realtives, Ferns and Relatives, Seed plants, Angiosperm

Characteristics of Green algae

Live in fresh water like around the edges of ponds and lakes, as well green algae doesn’t undergo alternation of generations

Characteristic of Mosses and relatives

Have no true roots, leaves, or stems, Can;t reporidce without moisture to allows the exchange of gametes between plants 

Characteristics of Ferns and Relatives

Have vascularization which is the formation of tubes to carry fluid throughout an organism, Can grow in immense height due to the fact their cell walls have ligin  

Characteristics of Seed plants

Don’t require water for reproduction, Not restricted to only spreading over short distances

Characteristics of Angiosperm

Ovary turns into a fruit after reproduction, Has the most effective reproductive and seed dispersal structure in the plant kingdom 

What are the functions of the vascular tissue

To transport water and dissolved nutrients from the ground to leaves and other parts of the plant

Why are plants considered the foundation of all ecosystems

They provide energy from the sun via photosynthesis which helps provide habitat and food for other organisms

Describes the reproductive system of Mosses

Moses has a green plant which is hapliod  gametophyte as the dominant generation, and then when time to reproduce the make and female gametes the sperm swim through water to the egg, and it becomes a diploid 

What happens to the size of the gametophyte when plants get removed from water

It reduces

why is the dispersal of seeds is a key success in agiosperm

 it allows them to be anywhere, as it’s one of the ways in which genetic exchange occur in and between different plant populations   

What is charophytes

A group of green algae that is apart of the protist kingdom, and plants are believed have evolved from them

What is alteration of Generation

It’s the life cycle that alternates between diploid and haploid form

What is a gametophyte

The haploid generation produces gametes, egg(ovum), and sperm (pollen)

What is a zygote

The fertilized egg when the egg and sperm unite

What are characteristics that allowed plants to live and reproduce in new environment

• Ability to prevent water loss, developed à cuticle 

• Take in CO2 from the air delevoped stomata (opening that allow gases in and out) 

• Methods to allow fertilization to occur ie. change from  flagellated cells (ie sperm) to round cells (ie pollen grain) 

What is cotyledons

A leaf like structure of the embryo of the seed. It’s the first structure to emerge from the ground when the seed is germinated.

What are the two branches of angiosperms

Monocots, and dicots

what is a monocot

Produces seeds in which embryo only one cotyledon

Example: Corn and Grass

What is dicots

Produce seeds in which the embryo has two cotyledons

Example: Beans and cucumbers

What is vascularization

the gotmoyion of tubes to carry fluid throught an organism

What are the characteristics of animals

• Eukaryotic

• Cells have no cell wall

• Multicellular 

• Hetertroph that ingests food 

• Mobile at some point in their life cycle 

• Form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula during the embryological development

The difference of animal like protists and animals

Animal protists: unicellular, prokaryotic, and don't have blastula during embriolical development.

Animals: multicellular, eukartotic, and have basyula during embryonic development

What is the significance of blastua during embryonic development

it contains cells that will form a developing embryo. 

What’s the use of a cavity

Helps the organism capture and digest food

How many animal phyla is there

10

what’s are the 5 characteristics to classify to animals

1. Body Organization 2. Body (Germ) Layers 3. Coelom 4. digestive tract or gut 5. Body symmetry

How is body organization is used to classify animals

Specialized cells are organized into tissues, organs, and orgam systems

The development of nerves  is a key early innovation important for coordinating movements and sensing changes in the environment

what are the only animals that lack in nervous system and tissue type

Sponges

How is Body (germ) Layers is used to classify animals

cells in a developing embryo that give rise to the specialized tissues

What are the 3 layers of embryo

Endoderm: (inner layer e.g. lining of body cavity)

Mesoderm: (middle layer e.g. circulatory, reproductive and muscular systems)

Ectoderm: (outer layer e.g. skin, nervous  system)

What is coelom

Fluid filled body cavity 

Allows for the development of more complex organ systems

What is Acoelmate

animals have a flattened body no layers can to put anything inside 

What is Coelomate

animals have a body cavity in which complex internal organs can develop thicker (think juice box)

What is the digestive tract or gut

One opening  e.g. hydra (bag digestive system) 

two openinging  e.g. earthworm (tube digestive system) 

Types of Biological symmetry

1. Asymmetrical 2. Radial symmetry 3. Bilateral symemetry

what is asymmetrical

Animals such as sponges which have no symmetry at all

What is Radial symmetry

Animals that are shaped like a cylinder or bowl in which their body parts are arranged around an imaginary central axis.  

What is Bilateral symmetry

Animals that have a mirror image right and left side .  This is the most common type of symmetry.  Animals have a distinct head and tail, back and bottom surfaces and two side surfaces.

What is protostomes

One of the bilateral symmetry

During embryonic development the mouth forms first 

What is Deuterostones

One of the bilateral symmetry

During embryonic development the anus forms first 

What is invertebrates

This groups has the majority of animals (over 98%)

They don’t have à backbone 

E.g. leaches, clams, insects

What s vertebrates

Have a nonochord  for at least part of their life cycle (a rodlike cord of cells that forms the main axial support i.e. backbone)

What’s the function of blastula during embryonic development

acts as a branching point where an animal may develop into either protostomes and deuterostome

What’s the evolutionary significance of amnitic egg

 it's a waterproof egg with a sehll that allows  them to reproduce on land 

what’s the advantage Cephalization give bilaterally symmetrical animal

where the sense organs and nerve heads in the head region 

What’s the evolutionary order for animal phyla

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nemotoda, Annelida, Molluscs, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordates

What are the characteristics of Porifera

Examples: Euspongla, and sponges

Asymmetry, Acoelmate, no digestive system, filter fed, no nervous system, and respiratory or circulatory system

What are the characteristics of Cnidaria

Examples: Jellyfish, Corals,Anemones

Radial symmetry, Acoelmate Has one bag, digest food before absorbing, has a net for a nervous system

Characteristics of Platyhelminthes

Example: Worms, Flatworms

Bilateral symmetry, Protostome, Acoelmate, One tube through a pharynx extends from their body, has a gingla as a nervous system

Characteristics of Nemotoda

Example: Acaris

Bilateral symmetry, protostomes, coelomate, tube, has a gingla as a nervous system

characteristics Annelida

Example: segmented worms

Bilateral symmetry, protostomes, coelomate, Tube, they have a gingla as a nervous system

Characteristics of Molluscs

Bilateral symmetry, protostome, Coelomate Tube, has an advanced gingla

Characteristics of Arthopods

Example:

Giant water bug, moth

Bilateral symmetry, protostome, coelomate, Tube, herbivore, scavenging, predation, advanced gingla

Characteristics of Echinodermata

Example: Lobster, spider

Bilateral Symmetry, Deuterstomes, coelomate, tube, capture food particles flying around them, have an advanced gingla

Characteristics of chordates

Bilateral symmetry, deuterostomes, coelomate, the it has advanced brain spinal cords

What organism thrives around the vents?

ancestors from all life pompya worms , crabs, and 2 m long tube worms, able to survive because theyre able to survive on bacteria

What is a krill

tiny shhpae cristation, sowrms can fed off sworpting, attract humpback whales and other predator fish

How do sea stars feed?

pushing their stomaches out their mouths, and press the stomach against whatever iits eating to push in the nutrients  

How do jellyfish catch food?

stinging tentacles to get their food and then its passwd towards their mouth which is in the center

How does cuttlefish reproduce

 places packets of saxosperm in an opening near the females mouth.  He hovers over her until she has laid  her egg

How does an mom octopus care of her kids

she creases them with her tentacles which makes sure no lagae grows and fish dont eat em 

keep the water moving so they’re well supplied with oxygen

What are some adaptations organisms have in coral reefs

Christmas tree worms: they stay in the coral and they spur out their arms to grab nutrients boxer crabs: uses his sticky tentacles uses it to grab flying plant molecules 

sea slugs: are hunters and their vibrant colors make it obvious theyre toxic , and sometimes eat each other