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What are characteristics of fungi
Eukaryotic, Heterotroph, mostly multi-cellular, Typical not motile, can reproduce asexually, cells contain chitin, most live in damp environment, feeds by extracellular digestion
What’s a fruiting structure
Above ground (the mushroom cap) bad form the mushrooms gills. the spore are realized to the environment, and mushrooms can release as many as 100 million spore an hr
What is the body structure
The main part of the fungus which is located underground, made of branching network of filaments that collectively called mycelium, and separately called hyphae
What is hyphae
microscopically thin, they consist long tubes of cytoplasm containing many nuclei
What is the fungus life cycle
each spore is related ishapliod. The spores grow and produce hyphae with one nucleus
When two hyphae come in contact two of their cells fuse, forming a dikaryotic cell
The dikaryotic hyphae grow into mycelium which produces the mushroom cap when it matures. Inside the basilica gills the two haploid nuclei fuse forming a zygote.
the zygote divides and produces 4 haploid spores
What are some symbiotic relationship fungi can have with organisms
Fungi + Tree (Any plant)
Fungi + Cyanobacteria = lichen
How does the symbolic relationship of fungi + tree work
The fungus loves in the roots of many trees. The fungi branches out and increases the surface area of the tree roots so the tree can get more food and water. The tree produces leaves and sends it towards the roots giving the fungus can use as food
How does the symbiotic relationship of Fungi +Cyanobacteria = Lichens
The fungus provides structural support, carbon dioxide, water to the cyanobacteria. The cyanobacteria shares its carbohydrates with the fungus
What are some of the groups of fungi
Zygospore Fungi, Club Fungi, Sac fungi, Imperfect Fungi
Zygospore fungi
Reproduces asexually& sexually, During sexual reproduction it produces zygospores.
An example: Bread Mould
Club Fungi
Have short lived reproductive structure called basidicars (fruiting bodies) that form from basdiospores
An Example: mushroom bracket fungi, puffballs
Sac fungi
indetified by finger like sacs called which form during sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction spores are produced at the tip of hyphae
An Example : mildews, Morels, Truffles, Yeats
Imperfect fungi
They don’t have a sexual phase,
An example panicillium, P Request (Blue Cbeese, soya sauce)
What is the differences between the plant kingdoms and other kingdoms
plants conduct photosynthesis, and can’t move on their own if it's not by wind, water, or other external forces. While most of the other kingdoms are able to move on their own and none use photosynthesis
Why do Bryophytes requires open water to be successful
they don’t have any seeds or stems, nor do they have rigid support systems, as well they aren’t able to reproduce without moisture.
What are the 5 main groups of plants are
Green Algae, Mosses and Realtives, Ferns and Relatives, Seed plants, Angiosperm
Characteristics of Green algae
Live in fresh water like around the edges of ponds and lakes, as well green algae doesn’t undergo alternation of generations
Characteristic of Mosses and relatives
Have no true roots, leaves, or stems, Can;t reporidce without moisture to allows the exchange of gametes between plants
Characteristics of Ferns and Relatives
Have vascularization which is the formation of tubes to carry fluid throughout an organism, Can grow in immense height due to the fact their cell walls have ligin
Characteristics of Seed plants
Don’t require water for reproduction, Not restricted to only spreading over short distances
Characteristics of Angiosperm
Ovary turns into a fruit after reproduction, Has the most effective reproductive and seed dispersal structure in the plant kingdom
What are the functions of the vascular tissue
To transport water and dissolved nutrients from the ground to leaves and other parts of the plant
Why are plants considered the foundation of all ecosystems
They provide energy from the sun via photosynthesis which helps provide habitat and food for other organisms
Describes the reproductive system of Mosses
Moses has a green plant which is hapliod gametophyte as the dominant generation, and then when time to reproduce the make and female gametes the sperm swim through water to the egg, and it becomes a diploid
What happens to the size of the gametophyte when plants get removed from water
It reduces
why is the dispersal of seeds is a key success in agiosperm
it allows them to be anywhere, as it’s one of the ways in which genetic exchange occur in and between different plant populations
What is charophytes
A group of green algae that is apart of the protist kingdom, and plants are believed have evolved from them
What is alteration of Generation
It’s the life cycle that alternates between diploid and haploid form
What is a gametophyte
The haploid generation produces gametes, egg(ovum), and sperm (pollen)
What is a zygote
The fertilized egg when the egg and sperm unite
What are characteristics that allowed plants to live and reproduce in new environment
Ability to prevent water loss, developed à cuticle
Take in CO2 from the air delevoped stomata (opening that allow gases in and out)
Methods to allow fertilization to occur ie. change from flagellated cells (ie sperm) to round cells (ie pollen grain)
What is cotyledons
A leaf like structure of the embryo of the seed. It’s the first structure to emerge from the ground when the seed is germinated.
What are the two branches of angiosperms
Monocots, and dicots
what is a monocot
Produces seeds in which embryo only one cotyledon
Example: Corn and Grass
What is dicots
Produce seeds in which the embryo has two cotyledons
Example: Beans and cucumbers
What is vascularization
the gotmoyion of tubes to carry fluid throught an organism
What are the characteristics of animals
Eukaryotic
Cells have no cell wall
Multicellular
Hetertroph that ingests food
Mobile at some point in their life cycle
Form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula during the embryological development
The difference of animal like protists and animals
Animal protists: unicellular, prokaryotic, and don't have blastula during embriolical development.
Animals: multicellular, eukartotic, and have basyula during embryonic development
What is the significance of blastua during embryonic development
it contains cells that will form a developing embryo.
What’s the use of a cavity
Helps the organism capture and digest food
How many animal phyla is there
10
what’s are the 5 characteristics to classify to animals
Body Organization 2. Body (Germ) Layers 3. Coelom 4. digestive tract or gut 5. Body symmetry
How is body organization is used to classify animals
Specialized cells are organized into tissues, organs, and orgam systems
The development of nerves is a key early innovation important for coordinating movements and sensing changes in the environment
what are the only animals that lack in nervous system and tissue type
Sponges
How is Body (germ) Layers is used to classify animals
cells in a developing embryo that give rise to the specialized tissues
What are the 3 layers of embryo
Endoderm: (inner layer e.g. lining of body cavity)
Mesoderm: (middle layer e.g. circulatory, reproductive and muscular systems)
Ectoderm: (outer layer e.g. skin, nervous system)
What is coelom
Fluid filled body cavity
Allows for the development of more complex organ systems
What is Acoelmate
animals have a flattened body no layers can to put anything inside
What is Coelomate
animals have a body cavity in which complex internal organs can develop thicker (think juice box)
What is the digestive tract or gut
One opening e.g. hydra (bag digestive system)
two openinging e.g. earthworm (tube digestive system)
Types of Biological symmetry
Asymmetrical 2. Radial symmetry 3. Bilateral symemetry
what is asymmetrical
Animals such as sponges which have no symmetry at all
What is Radial symmetry
Animals that are shaped like a cylinder or bowl in which their body parts are arranged around an imaginary central axis.
What is Bilateral symmetry
Animals that have a mirror image right and left side . This is the most common type of symmetry. Animals have a distinct head and tail, back and bottom surfaces and two side surfaces.
What is protostomes
One of the bilateral symmetry
During embryonic development the mouth forms first
What is Deuterostones
One of the bilateral symmetry
During embryonic development the anus forms first
What is invertebrates
This groups has the majority of animals (over 98%)
They don’t have à backbone
E.g. leaches, clams, insects
What s vertebrates
Have a nonochord for at least part of their life cycle (a rodlike cord of cells that forms the main axial support i.e. backbone)
What’s the function of blastula during embryonic development
acts as a branching point where an animal may develop into either protostomes and deuterostome
What’s the evolutionary significance of amnitic egg
it's a waterproof egg with a sehll that allows them to reproduce on land
what’s the advantage Cephalization give bilaterally symmetrical animal
where the sense organs and nerve heads in the head region
What’s the evolutionary order for animal phyla
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nemotoda, Annelida, Molluscs, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordates
What are the characteristics of Porifera
Examples: Euspongla, and sponges
Asymmetry, Acoelmate, no digestive system, filter fed, no nervous system, and respiratory or circulatory system
What are the characteristics of Cnidaria
Examples: Jellyfish, Corals,Anemones
Radial symmetry, Acoelmate Has one bag, digest food before absorbing, has a net for a nervous system
Characteristics of Platyhelminthes
Example: Worms, Flatworms
Bilateral symmetry, Protostome, Acoelmate, One tube through a pharynx extends from their body, has a gingla as a nervous system
Characteristics of Nemotoda
Example: Acaris
Bilateral symmetry, protostomes, coelomate, tube, has a gingla as a nervous system
characteristics Annelida
Example: segmented worms
Bilateral symmetry, protostomes, coelomate, Tube, they have a gingla as a nervous system
Characteristics of Molluscs
Bilateral symmetry, protostome, Coelomate Tube, has an advanced gingla
Characteristics of Arthopods
Example:
Giant water bug, moth
Bilateral symmetry, protostome, coelomate, Tube, herbivore, scavenging, predation, advanced gingla
Characteristics of Echinodermata
Example: Lobster, spider
Bilateral Symmetry, Deuterstomes, coelomate, tube, capture food particles flying around them, have an advanced gingla
Characteristics of chordates
Bilateral symmetry, deuterostomes, coelomate, the it has advanced brain spinal cords
What organism thrives around the vents?
ancestors from all life pompya worms , crabs, and 2 m long tube worms, able to survive because theyre able to survive on bacteria
What is a krill
tiny shhpae cristation, sowrms can fed off sworpting, attract humpback whales and other predator fish
How do sea stars feed?
pushing their stomaches out their mouths, and press the stomach against whatever iits eating to push in the nutrients
How do jellyfish catch food?
stinging tentacles to get their food and then its passwd towards their mouth which is in the center
How does cuttlefish reproduce
places packets of saxosperm in an opening near the females mouth. He hovers over her until she has laid her egg
How does an mom octopus care of her kids
she creases them with her tentacles which makes sure no lagae grows and fish dont eat em
keep the water moving so they’re well supplied with oxygen
What are some adaptations organisms have in coral reefs
Christmas tree worms: they stay in the coral and they spur out their arms to grab nutrients boxer crabs: uses his sticky tentacles uses it to grab flying plant molecules
sea slugs: are hunters and their vibrant colors make it obvious theyre toxic , and sometimes eat each other
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