Absolutism

what is absolutism?

form of government which ultimate authority rested in hands of monarch who divinely claimed right and was responsible only to god

what was a divine right monarchy?

based on the belief that monarchs receive power from and answer to god

who was the absolute monarch in France?

Louis xiv (1643-1715)

who was Cardinal Richelieu?

served under Louis xiii and initiated policies that strengthened the monarchy

what did Cardinal Richelieu create?

a network of spies to undermine noble conspiracies

who were intendants?

royal officers who were sent to provinces to execute orders of the central government

in France, who did the corrupt financial system benefit before its reform?

the people (not the government)

what was the taille?

annual direct tax- usually on land or property

who was Cardinal Mazarin?

appeared to inherit the throne after death of Louis xiv and a too youthful heir

what was the fronde?

revolt of the nobles

who did the nobles ally with during Mazarin’s rule?

Paris’s parliament

What was the First Fronde (1648-1649)?

Broke out in Paris but ended in compromise

What did the nobles want in the Second Fronde?

secure their position and increase power

What happened during the second Fronde?

the nobles began also fighting each other

When did the Second Fronde end?

1652

Who took over after Mazarin died?

Louis xiv

What did King Louis xiv build?

Palace of Versailles

What did Louis xiv refer to himself as

the Sun King

What did Louis want to do to the government

recentralize

What did the Palace of Versailles serve as?

• personal household for the king

• location of central government

• location of nobles

Did Louis support Huguenots?

No

What was the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)?

ordered the destruction of protestant churches and schools

Who was Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)?

under Louis xiv, he controlled general finances

What kind of economy did Jean-Baptiste Colbert use?

mercantilism- government regulation with the use of tariffs placed on imported goods

How did Jean-Baptiste Colbert increase communication and transportation?

built roads and canals

Socially, what was the Palace of Versailles like?

There were lots of people, so no privacy, and they often engaged in forms of entertainment like garden walks, boating trips, ballets, concerts, and tragedies and comedies

True or False: Louis engaged in many wars?

True- he engaged in four wars between 1667 to 1713

What was Louis’s war of 1667 called?

War of Devolution

Who did Louis invade during the War of Devolution?

Spanish Netherlands

Who allied during Louis’s first war (War of Devolution)?

Dutch, English, and Swedes

How did the War of Devolution turn out for Louis?

Not well- he was forced to accept a small amount of territory

What was the war in 1672 called?

Franco- Dutch War

Who did Louis invade during the Franco- Dutch War?

the United Provinces (Dutch Republic)

The Franco- Dutch War influenced who to form an alliance?

Brandenburg (Prussia), Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire

How did the Franco- Dutch War turn out for Louis?

forced to make peace in Nimwegen in 1678

Who was in the League of Augsburg?

Spain, United Provinces, England, Holy Roman Empire, Sweden

What was the French War that lasted from 1689-1697?

War of the League of Augsburg

How did the War of the League of Augsburg impact France?

it consisted of 8 years of economic depression and famine

What Treaty forced the end of the War of the League of Augsburg?

Treaty of Ryswick

What was the French war that lasted from 1702-1713?

War of the Spanish Succession

How was the heir of Spain connected to France?

Charles ll of Spain left his throne to the grandson of Louis xiv of France

True or False: France and Spain WANTED to keep their states separate

False

Who opposed to connection of France and Spain?

England, the United Provinces (Dutch), Habsburg Austria, and the German States

What did the Peace of Utrecht and Rasatt (1714) do?

confirmed Philip v as Spanish ruler, but stated French and Spanish thrones must remain separate

How did Louis xvi leave France when he died?

in dept and with enemies

What was Ivan iv (1533- 1584) nicknamed?

Ivan the Terrible

Who were the Boyars in Russia?

Russian nobility who were crushed by Ivan the Terrible

What was the Time of Troubles?

time of anarchy and aristocratic leadership (power in the small class of aristocrats)

What was the Zemanski Sobor?

national assembly that chose Michael Romanov (1613- 1645) as the next Russian leader

True or False: Russia experienced a Renaissance and Revolution?

False

Personality wise, what was Peter the Great known as?

harsh experience and character, very tall, crude humor

What ideas did Peter the Great want to introduce to Russia?

western ideas

How did Peter the Great build an army and navy?

Contracted peasants to 25 years of service

How did Peter the Great centralize the government?

he used the senate to oversee the administration of his orders

How many provinces did Peter the Great split Russia into?

8 (eventually 50)

True or False: Russia citizens greatly feared Peter the Great

True- and this fear prevented the order that Peter desired

What was the Table of Ranks in Russia?

an opportunity for non-nobles to serve the state and join the Nobility

What economy did Peter the Great adopt?

mercantilism- similar to the rest of Europe

What was the Holy Synod in Russia?

created by Peter, it was a holy body to make decisions for the Church

What was a procurator?

head of the Church in Russia who represented the interests of the Tsar

True or False: Women benefited from cultural reforms in Russia

True

What reforms did women experience in Russia?

they no longer had to cover their faces, participated in large social gatherings of both men and women, and women could marry of their own free will

In 1700, who did Russia befriend to attack Sweden?

Poland and Denmark

In Russia, what war occurred between 1701 and 1721?

the Great Northern War

Who won in the Battle of Narva?

Sweden

Who won in the Battle of Poltava (1709)?

Russia

Who did the Peace of Nystad give power to?

it gave RUSSIA more power

What did Peter the Great build during his reign?

a capitol, St. Petersburg

What religion did Sweden and Denmark both follow?

Lutheranism

What did Charles X do in Sweden?

reestablished domestic order and weakened nobles

True or False: Charles X in Sweden did not support an absolute monarchy?

False

Why did Spain start to decline?

money loss, poor military and government, and a disruption in social classes

What dynasty initiated Prussia?

Hohenzollern Dynasty

What disconnected areas did Prussia include?

western, central, and eastern Germany

What did Frederick William of Great Elector (1640- 1688) do for Prussia?

he built the foundation for Prussian state and an army

Who were Junkers in Prussia?

served as officers in the army

What deal did Frederick William make with the nobles?

he gave them unlimited power over peasants and the ability to make them serfs, and allowed them to be exempt from taxes and hold the highest ranks in the army in exchange for sole political power

What economy did they use in Prussia?

mercantilism

who did Prussia favor?

nobles

What was Frederick lll (1688-1713) named?

King of Prussia

After the Thirty Years’ War, where did Austria look to expand to?

eastern and southeastern Europe

What did Leopold l (1658-1705) encourage?

eastward movement of Austria

who challenged the Austria’s expansion?

Ottoman Empire

What was the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)?

Stated Austria had control over Transylvania, Croatia, Hungary, and Slovenia

True or False: Austria gained more land after Spanish Wars of Succession?

True- they gained parts of Spanish Netherlands and Italy

True or False: Austria was highly centralized?

True

Who conquered Constantinople in 1453?

the Ottoman Empire

what were Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?

christian boys taken from their parents, forcefully converted to muslim, and served under disciplined militaries