AP Bio Carbohydrates

carbohydrate

organic molecule made of sugars and their polymers

monosaccharides

simple sugar in which C, H, and O are found in a ratio of CH2O

monosaccharides

hydroxyl group attached to each carbon except one, which has a carbonyl group

monosaccharides

in aqeous solutions, many monosaccharides form rings

glyceraldehydes

triose - 3 carbons

deoxyribose

pentose - 5 carbons

glucose

hexose - 6 carbons

disaccharides

a double sugar that consists of 2 monosaccarides

glycosdic linkage

the covalent bond between two monosaccarides

maltose

glucose + glucose (disaccharide)

lactose

glucose + galactose (disaccharide)

sucrose

glucose + fructose (disaccharide)

polysaccharides

polymers of sugars

polysaccharides

are formed by linking monomers through enzyme mediated condensation reactions

polysaccharides

can be energy storing molecules or structural molecules

starch

glucose polymer that is used for energy storage in plants

starch

helical with α 1-4 linkages

starch

stored in plastids

starch

most animals have the enzymes that are needed to digest hydrolyze starch

starch

major sources in human diet are potato and grain

glycogen

glucose polymer that is used for energy storage in animals

glycogen

more highly branched than starch with α 1-4 linkages

glycogen

stored in the liver in humans (some in muscle)

cellulose

glucose polymer that is used for structural purposes in plants

cellulose

found in plant cell walls

cellulose

conncted with β 1-4 linkages

glycosidic linkages

cellulose and starch have different properties because of the different

cellulose

we do not have the enzymes to hydrolyze β 1-4 linkages. we cannot digest cellulose (ex. grass)

chitlin

structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of an amino sugar

chitlin

forms the exoskeleton of anthropods (insects. crustaceans, arachnids)