AP CoGo Unit 5: Political and Economic Changes and Development APCG

Globalization

increasing global economic interconnection through trade, investment, and communication

Economic Liberalization

reducing state control to expand free markets, trade, and foreign investment

Neoliberalism

ideology promoting privatization, deregulation, and free markets over government control

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

investment by foreign companies in domestic industries (strong in China, Mexico)

Maquiladoras

foreign-owned factories in northern Mexico tied to U.S. trade

United Kingdom Globalization

early privatization under Margaret Thatcher; strong global finance and trade

Mexico Globalization

trade integration through NAFTA / USMCA

Nigeria Globalization

economy heavily dependent on oil exports and global oil prices

Iran Globalization

limited by sanctions; restricted access to global markets

Russia Globalization

relies on oil/gas exports; affected by sanctions after Annexation of Crimea

China Globalization

export-driven growth; “world’s factory”; uses Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

areas with fewer regulations to attract FDI (China)

Belt and Road Initiative

China-led global infrastructure and trade expansion program

Environmental Policy UK

net zero carbon goals and climate laws

Environmental Policy Mexico

protests against mining and environmental damage

Environmental Policy Nigeria

activism in oil regions (e.g., Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta)

Environmental Policy Iran

focus on renewable energy but limited by sanctions

Environmental Policy Russia

protests sometimes lead to policy adjustments

Environmental Policy China

environmental protests exist but are restricted

Neoliberal Impact UK

increased inequality contributed to Brexit tensions

Neoliberal Impact Mexico

inequality increased despite economic growth

Neoliberal Impact Nigeria

increased foreign investment but uneven benefits

Neoliberal Impact Iran

partial privatization with limited global integration

Neoliberal Impact Russia

rise of oligarchs and extreme wealth inequality

Neoliberal Impact China

mixed economy (state control + market elements)

European Union (EU)

regional organization promoting economic integration (UK left after Brexit)

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

regional economic group in West Africa (Nigeria)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

controls oil production/prices (Iran member)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

sets global trade rules (China, Russia members; Iran not)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

promotes global financial stability and economic growth

World Bank

provides loans and aid for development (projects in Nigeria, China, Russia, Iran)

Social Policy UK

strong welfare state (healthcare, pensions, education)

Social Policy Mexico

education reforms and social programs

Social Policy Nigeria

reduced fuel subsidies and limited welfare

Social Policy Iran

focus on women’s education and social services

Social Policy Russia

government aid (e.g., COVID support)

Social Policy China

expansion of public services and poverty reduction

Natural Resources UK

limited natural resources

Natural Resources Mexico

oil-dependent economy

Natural Resources Nigeria

heavily dependent on oil exports

Natural Resources Iran

major oil producer

Natural Resources Russia

oil and natural gas dominate economy

Natural Resources China

diverse resources supporting industry

Demographic Change UK

increased immigration

Demographic Change Mexico

migration north toward U.S./industrial areas

Demographic Change Nigeria

rapid urbanization

Demographic Change Iran

declining birth rate

Demographic Change Russia

aging population

Demographic Change China

rural-to-urban migration

Russia Economy

oil and gas dominate GDP; arms trade important; impacted by sanctions

Iran Economy

oil-dependent; unstable due to price fluctuations and sanctions

Nigeria Economy

oil exports + agriculture (cocoa, rubber)

Mexico Economy

manufacturing, trade with U.S., uneven regional development

China Economy

second largest globally; export manufacturing and rapid urbanization

Uneven Development

economic inequality between regions (Mexico North vs South, China East vs West)

Sanctions

economic penalties limiting trade (Russia, Iran)