Medical Botany Exam , Medical Botany USF Exam 1

Different examples of early land plants in Fossils reading (ProCopy Reading # 1)

conifer, podocarp, red pine

cycad-like Bennettiales

Which of the above plant examples contain naked seeds? (be curious about the other group/s mentioned by googling) (ProCopy Reading # 1)

conifer, podocarp, red pine

cycad-like Bennettiales

Which is the main plant group discussed in the reading that survived the great dying and when did the great dying occur? (ProCopy Reading # 1)

Podocarps

Countries bordering the Dead sea. (ProCopy Reading # 1)

Jordan

Which organism originally makes BMAA?

Cyanobacteria

How does cycasin act like a mutagen?

It acts as a substrate for Na+/Glucose cotransporter (cycasin enters as Na+ does). Cycasin then enters the nucleus and acts as a mutagen which converts G:C to MeG:T (Methylated guanine).

Which is the toxin purified from bread seed poppy aka opium poppy?

Morphine

What is the category (i.e. a taxon, in taxonomy jargon) that is just higher to a species?

Papaver

BMAA

metabolite causes neurological syndrome in Chamorro people (indigenous pop of Guam)

cycasin

poison contained in cycads, mutagen (neurological disorders)

Plant families related to different kinds of materials used to make masks?

Linaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae

What kind of literature is actually reading 4? (Plant as a pugilist ProCopy Reading # 4)

Book review

What are the research focus areas of various types of scientists described in reading 4 such as the plant herbivore community? (ProCopy Reading # 4)

Entomology and small molecular structure

What is the purpose of toxins like cyanide and mustard oil for plants? (ProCopy Reading# 4)

Defensive toxins

The plants are at the bottom of the food chain; toxins are defense metabolites to resist being consumed

What is the opinion of Ian Baldwin, the book reviewer, about some interesting plant traits such as tolerance traits in Walters book? (ProCopy Reading # 4)

Tolerance traits- such as kinase enzymes that place plant sugars in below ground storage during attack- not mentioned in Walter's book

Given picture of Zamia (coontie), which family does it represent?

Zamiaceae

Some plants that are staple in Africa

millet, teff, sorghum, wheat, yam

Mechanism of action of plant secondary metabolite known as cardiac glycosides

inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase, leads to incrs in Ca in muscle, leads to incrs contractions and convulsions

Use of the plant secondary metabolite known as vinblastine in medicine

Rosy periwinkle Catharanthus roseus - from Madagascar

Used for treatment of childhood Leukemia, Hodgkins, Lymphona Diseas, breast cancer,Sarcoma, and more.

This plant is used in chemotherapy treatments and is typically injected.

Lymphoma, swelling of lymph's

given image of a plant that produces opioids like morphine, which family?

Papaver somniferum. It belongs to the Papaveraceae family.

secondary metabolites

Complex metabolic chemistry of plants produces many toxic organic compounds. Toxic to animals.

different groups of professionals and other people who have knowledge of plants (Medical Botany (1897) ProCopy Reading # 3)

botanist, pharmacist, medical students, children living in the country side

Different common features of yarrow, boneset, wormwood as per ProCopy Reading # 3including family/families they are in

They have floral characteristics of the Asteraceae

They were often used medicinally

They were commonly recognized by country folk

Reason/s why a species might be reclassified as discussed in ProCopy Reading # 3 and any modern method/s that might result in similar re-classification of species

use of biotechnology and DNA sequencing

importance of observation and two ways in which it needs to be documented as per ProCopy Reading # 3 that might still be useful today

record both in writing and sketching

Status of American medical association in 1897. ProCopy Reading # 3

existed in the 19th century

What is the discussion related to Tansy and Pansy in ProCopy Reading # 3?

Mix up between Tansy and Pansy illustrates the danger of using common names

Examples of bacterial mediators (Cross-kingdom interactions in aquatic environments ProCopy reading # 5)

vitamins, morphogens, quorum sensing molecules, bacterial lipid based molecules, phytohormones

Various ways in which traditional herbal knowledge may be lost

pandemic, wars, loss of language, loss of habitat for special plants, assimilation of culture

Bishop flower used to treat this skin condition

vitiligo

source of extract EGb761

Gingko

Functions better than placebo in certain treatments

wormwood

a fungus is found and may be able to curtail some nematodes

iceman

Scurvy

Lind

What does macaw eat to protect itself from poisons in a plant that it eats for food?

The scarlet macaw enjoys eating poisonous unripe fruit fo the sandbox tree. They survive eating the poisonous fruit because they also eat a clay they find n high river banks that neutralizes the fruit's toxin.

Example of a tripartite community including two kinds of bacteria (prokaryote) and a macroalga (eukaryote). Given the schematic of interactions, decide which statements are accurate

The bacterial species make thallusin and/or other morphogens that help the macroalga with its differentiation

The bacterial species utilize macroalgal derived glycerol and/or metabolites as a carbon source

The macroalga, Ulva depends upon the morphogens secreted from bacteria for its normal development

The successful tripartite community includes both eukaryotic and prokaryotic species

Orthodox Medicine

It rests carefully controlled clinical trials

It involves placebo controlled studies

It involves double blind study where neither physician or the patients know what they are receiving till the end of the study

Traditional medicine

Its reputation rests on use and history for hundreds or thousands of years

Vitiligo treatment in Ancient Egypt and India and plants used (Procopy Reading #6chapter 9 pages: 49-54)

Vitiligo is a long term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment. The patches of the skin affected become white and usually have sharp margins. The hair from the skin may also become white. The inside of the mouth and nose may also be involved. Often the patches begin on areas of skin that are exposed to the sun. It is more noticeable with dark skin.

Egyptians used the juice or an extract of bishop's flower to treat Vitiligo. Rubbed the juice on the patients patches and then the patients laid the sun. The patches darkened and became less prominent.

Vitiligo can occur in any ethnic population and it is still used today.

Although dong-quai works in Traditional Chinese medicine, why did it fail in the clinical trials in the US? (ProCopy Reading #6 chapter 9 pages: 49-54)

In traditional Chinese medicine, Dong quai is used in combination with several other herbs

Out hominin ancestors possessed self-medicative behavior. How would you classify the statement from Dr. Huffman Ape's perspective ProCopy Reading #7?

This is a thesis statement for introducing the paper

Why plants produce different kinds of secondary metabolites ProCopy Reading #7?

Life feeding on life

Life destroying life

Life defending against life

Life attracting life

Life protecting itself from the environment(Competition)

FDA

The evaluation of food and drug safety

NIH

the clinical trial process

FTC

Nutritional supplement advertising

Trema orientalis belonging to the Cannabaceae family

used for whole leaf swallowing by apes to get rid of parasites

Tabernathe iboga belonging to the Apopcynaceae family

animals go into a wild frenzy on consuming these plant parts due to stimulants

Veronis amygdalina belonging to the Asteraceae family

used for bitter pitch chewing by sick apes

given picture of a plant which produces alkaloids used against cancer, identify the plant family

Apocynaceae

What nutrients most essential for "encephalization" of human brain?

Iodine, DHA, omega 3 fatty acids, iron, zinc, copper, etc.

Cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria that affect liver, brain, etc

Microcystins, Nodularins, Cylinderospermospins are cyanobacterial toxins that affect the liver

Anatoxin-a , Guanitoxin and BMAA are cyanobacteria toxins that principally affect the nervous system

Advantages of hybrid diploid breeding

Makes it easier to combine traits in one variety

May result in being able to plant with seeds

It may save time

what general issues related to potatoes needed to be resolved (New Potatoes (ProCopyReading 8)

potatoes cannot self-fertilize

the world's gene banks are not well-stocked with valuable genes

potatoes have too many chromosomes

How to remove undesirable traits in plants? (ProCopy Reading 8)

using crosses

Where is potato production increasing or decreasing in the world? (ProCopy Reading 8)

More in Asia. China is the major producer of potato and next is India. But china grows twice as more than India.

In Europe

What is special about the transition zones in Brazil with respect to potato adaptation?(ProCopy Reading 8)

temperate regions

What explains the susceptibility of potatoes to Phytophthora infestans during the potato famine? (ProCopy Reading 8)

Due to the absence of genetic diversity since all the potatoes grown were clones due to the propagation of the tuber eyes and were not resistant to this pathogen

Neanderthal dental plaque which plants found and which family?

Asteraceae

Different methods that can be possibly used to find evidence for use of plants by ancient humans

What does evidence say about the relative timelines of invention of agriculture by humans and the use of plants for nutrition in their diet?

Finding plant material in corprolites or fossilized feces

Finding plant genetic material in various microfossils and ancient utensils

Carbon-14 dating

Identifying microscopic granules of plant pieces from calculus of human teeth found in very old graves and caves

Finding starch granules on very old grinding stones

Recognize caterpillar shaped toxin produced by Karenia brevis that causes red tide blooms and mechanism by which it causes toxicity to sea organisms or humans who consume contaminated sea food

Voltage gated Na+ channels, Brevetoxin

Recommendation of the USDA food plate with respect to kinds of fruits and vegetables

True

Which of the following statements are relevant to the genera Matricaria and Achillea?

Both belong to the Asteraceae family

They were both identified as potential medicinal components in the Neanderthaldiet based on mass spectrometric analysis of dental calculi

_______ is a taxon/category that just falls below genus in the classification hierarchy.

somniferum

Millet, corn, rice, rye, and wheat are all examples of cereal grains that make up ~51% of the total food consumed by humans.

True

Popularly considered to be an edible genus among the cyanobacteria

Arthrospira

How does a plant secondary metabolite usually act on mammalian cells?

It interacts with receptors on the cell surface or inside the cytoplasm

Which of the following toxins inhibit the Na + /K + ATPase?

cardiac glycosides

Which of the following is not one of the three main groups of secondary metabolites based on their structures or precursor molecules?

Ester

Morphine is a terpenoid from Papaver somniferum used to treat ovarian, lung, and breast cancers

False

Brevetoxin is known to do which one of the following?

Bind voltage gated sodium channels causing an influx of sodium

As a general rule of thumb, eating fruits of many different colors is healthy practice, for a well-balanced diet

True

Which of the following is evidence that humans began cooking plants at least 24,000 years ago?

Cracked/roasted starch granules in the dental calculus of two adult archaic humans

Non-essential carbon containing molecules in plants with adaptive value are referred to as which of the following?

A. Primary metabolites

B. Target receptors

C. Raphides

D. None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that cyanobacterial algal blooms can use to float in water?

Production of extracellular microtubules that use special extracellular motor proteins

What is the cause of excessive cyanobacterial blooms seen nowadays?

A. rising carbon dioxide concentrations

B. excessive nutrients in water bodies

C. warmer temperatures

D. all are correct

E. none is correct

all are correct

Your dog may love chocolate

A. do not use it as a treat for training purposes

B. it is very toxic because one of the secondary metabolites in it is slowly metabolized

C. it main toxin belongs to the Apocynaceae family

D. two are correct

E. all are correct

D. two are correct

If global warming occurs in the future, which is the group of marine animals that would be most susceptible?

B. those used to higher oxygen levels in cooler waters at the higher latitudes

What happened toward the end of the Permian period:

70% of life on land and 90% of marine life perished due to reasons that are still being debated by geo-bio scientists

In tryptophan-dependent Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) synthesis pathways, typically the bacterium provides the tryptophan and the eukaryotic organisms such as diatoms make and release IAA that act upon bacterium as a morphogen

False

Best explanation for the presence of plant pigments and bitter testing compounds with no nutritional value in Neanderthal diets:

A. Neanderthals were exclusively vegetarian

B. Neanderthals lived as individuals and not in closely knit social groups

C. Neanderthals had metabolic pathways that allowed them to extract energy from such compounds

D. all are correct

E. none is correct

E. none is correct

Order in the evolution of plants on our planet from earliest to latest among the choices given:

A. Aquatic plants> Early land plants> Seed plants > Flowering plants

"Kelp highway hypothesis" is an idea which suggests that humans may have populated the Americas earlier than originally thought, by traveling along the coastline that was rich in seafood, rather than through a land bridge across Beringia

True

Which plant can trace its domestication to South America?

A. cassava

B. potato

C. soybean

D. two are correct

E. all are correct

D. two are correct

Vinca alkaloids, vincristine and vinblastine, are compounds isolated from the Madagascar periwinkle in the family _________ and are useful to treat ____________

E. Apocynaceae, various malignancies

A plant might send a pest to attack old leaves rather than young ones, benefitting both the plant and the pathogen.

a tolerance trait

Narcan is an antidote for the highly potent and dangerous synthetic opioid fentanyl. The antidote is now available over the counter at pharmacies so that thousands of lives could be saved in the case of accidental opioid overdoses and poisonings. Which plant family are the opioids related to?

Papaveraceae

What is the main catalyst for the mass extinction event at the end of the Permian period,a.k.a. "The Great Dying"?

Global warming and ocean acidification whose exact origins are still debated

Which of the common names of plants we have encountered in this course are correctly matched with their families?

A. tansy: Asteraceae

B. poison oak: Anacardiaceae

C. sweet cicely: Apiaceae

D. two are correctly matched

E. all are correctly matched

E. all are correctly matched

Zamia and Cycas are genera that can provide a rich carbohydrate food source with very careful preparation

True

A plant family not related to face masks?

A. Linaceae

B. Cactaceae

C. Moraceae

D. Malvaceae

E. None is related

B. Cactaceae

When grown alone (axenic conditions), the macroalga Ulva mutabilis develops into an undifferentiated callus with atypical cell wall formation, slow growth and absence of cell differentiation. Creating a tripartite community in the laboratory with Roseovarius andMaribacter species of bacteria similar to what is found naturally in the aquatic environments leads to the restoration of the Ulva morphogenesis.Refer to the figure below and pick the incorrect statement from the following:

The bacterial species make thallusin and and/ or other morphogens that help the macroalga with its differentiation

How have potatoes commercially been propagated for last several hundred years?

through vegetative reproduction using tuber "eyes"

The molecule shown below:

is a mutagen causing the replacement of GC with AT base pairs

The passage below is derived from which one of the following readings described below? A pervasive issue is Walters's use of military metaphors. Although they are inevitable in this context, Walters often over-eggs: the chapter titles, for instance, range from "Call to arms" to"Weapons of war". Such language has shaped the mental constructs of biologists who study"evolutionary arms races". But military metaphors themselves evolve as wars shift from outright destruction to the gain of strategic aims, and the military rarely leads when it comes to understanding interactions. Plant-heterotroph interplay is likely to be nuanced, given how long most of the partners have been at it. Summoning ideas of conflict can limit thinking, as doctors have found in treating disease

a Pro-Copy reading that is actually a book review of plants

The plant shown below is in the Asteraceae

False

Why is a challenge encountered by potatoes that warrant conservation efforts?

A. increased pests and infectious diseases

B. droughts

C. extreme temperatures

D. loss of habitat

E. all are correct

E. all are correct

What materials were used to create early mask?

Silk- larvae of silkworm feed on mulberry leaves

PFAM- Moraceae

Genus- Morus

Linen- made from flax

PFAM-Linaceae

Genus- Linum

Cotton- made from cotton

PFAM-Malvaceae

Genus- Gossypium

BIG BANG:

13.7 bya

SUN:

4.6 bya