metabolic pathways

What is the main purpose of Glycolysis?

To break down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Where does Glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm.

What is the output of Pyruvate Oxidation?

Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and CO₂.

Which pathway links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle?

Pyruvate Oxidation.

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle per glucose?

2 ATP (or GTP), 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, and 4 CO₂.

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

In the mitochondrial matrix.

What is the main purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

To extract high-energy electrons for use in the next stage.

What is the major product of the Electron Transport Chain?

Approximately 34 ATP per glucose.

What is the location of the Electron Transport Chain?

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is the role of NADH and FADH₂ in the Electron Transport Chain?

They donate electrons, which are used to pump H⁺ ions and produce ATP.

What byproduct is formed in the Electron Transport Chain?

Water (H₂O).

What is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway primarily for?

To produce NADPH for biosynthesis and ribose for nucleotides.

Where does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur?

In the cytoplasm.

What does Gluconeogenesis produce?

Glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Where does Gluconeogenesis primarily take place?

In the liver and kidneys.

What is the purpose of Gluconeogenesis?

To maintain blood sugar during fasting.

What does β-Oxidation break down?

Fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units.

What is the output of β-Oxidation?

Acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH₂, and lots of ATP.

What happens during Amino Acid Catabolism?

Amino acids are deaminated and converted to intermediates that enter the Krebs cycle.

What is a primary purpose of Amino Acid Catabolism?

To provide energy when carbohydrates are low or to support gluconeogenesis.

What is the main energy molecule produced in Glycolysis?

ATP.

What is the function of ATP synthase in the Electron Transport Chain?

To synthesize ATP through chemiosmosis.

Why is Oxygen important in the Electron Transport Chain?

It acts as the final electron acceptor, allowing the chain to function.

What is produced in the transition from pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA?

NADH and CO₂ are released.

What kind of reaction is the Krebs Cycle?

A cyclic reaction that extracts energy from Acetyl-CoA.

What is the net gain of ATP in Glycolysis?

2 ATP.

What role does Ribose play in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

It is used for nucleotide synthesis.

What compounds enter the Krebs Cycle?

Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.

What is the primary energy yield from one glucose molecule in the electron transport chain?

About 34 ATP.

What is made alongside the ATP in the Electron Transport Chain?

Water (H₂O).

What is a key feature of the Krebs Cycle regarding carbon?

It releases CO₂ as a waste product.

What byproducts are generated in β-Oxidation?

Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH₂.

How does Glycolysis function in relation to oxygen?

It can operate with or without oxygen.

What process uses non-carbohydrates to generate glucose?

Gluconeogenesis.

What kind of reactions do NADPH support?

Anabolic reactions.

What does the Krebs Cycle start with?

Acetyl-CoA combining with oxaloacetate.

What happens to electrons in the Electron Transport Chain?

They are transferred to molecular oxygen.

What is the significance of 2 NADH generated in Glycolysis?

They serve as electron carriers for later stages.

What type of pathway is Glycolysis classified as?

A catabolic pathway.

Where do Acetyl-CoA and fatty acids enter metabolic pathways?

In the Krebs Cycle after β-Oxidation.

What does the Krebs Cycle yield that is crucial for ATP production?

High-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂).

What is the purpose of including NH₃ in Amino Acid Catabolism?

It is excreted as waste.

Which pathway helps to synthesize nucleotides?

Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

What is the end product of Glycolysis?

Pyruvate.

Why is glucose important for cellular respiration?

It is a primary energy source.