Music Section 2

Who established on of the earliest Atlantic settlments, Fort Caroline, in 1564

French Huguenots (Protestants)

What did Huguenots sing

psalms

what are psalms

chapters from the Bible’s Book of Psalms that had been set to music

After the Spanish conquered Fort Caroline, what did Native Americans do to determine who was a friend or enemy?

sing snippets of the psalms French Huguenots taught them

Besides Huguenots, who also sang psalms

Pilgrims and Puritans + other familiar groups in America’s early colonial history

What is psalmody

psalm-singing

Who was the most influential advocate for the practice of psalm singing (psalmody)?

Jean (John) Calvin (1509-64)

Who was did Jean John Calvin?

prominent theologian in Switzerland

What did Jean John Calvin believe?

\-Protestants should sing as a congregation rather than listening to a trained choir

\-no instruments should be used (Acappella)

\-congregations should sing in their native language, not in Latin

\-sing in unison (polyphony would distract from message)

\-lyrics would come from Bible but words adjusted to rhyme

What does acappella mean?

“in the chapel style” vocal music that has no instrumental support

What syllable pattern is Common Meter

8\.6.8.6

What are psalm meters

the various customary groupings of syllables used in “rhyming” versions of Psalm texts

Long meter

8\.8.8.8

Short Meter

6\.6.8.6

What are psalms with rhymed settings generally called?

metrical psalms; their syllables have been reorganized into specific “measured” patterns

What was the advantage of using metrical (rhyming) patterns

any melody that would fit a particular meter would also fit any other text that used the same meter; you only need to learn a few tunes and then you could focus on the words

What are psalters

books that contained restranslated psalms, some included musical notation

Which psalter did Jean Calvin oversee

“Genevan Psalter” in 1539, a French version published in Switzerland

What song goes with Psalm 134 in Huguenots’ 1562 Genevan Psalter

“Or sus serviteurs du Seigneur” (“Arise, you servants of the Lord”)

What is the melody, “Arise, you servants of the Lord” called now and what English Text does it go with

“Protestant Doxology;” “Praise God from Whom All Blessings Flow”

What was one of the most influential English psalters

Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter of 1562 (“Old Psalter”)

Where was the Old Psalter brought to?

the first English settlment in Atlantic colonies, Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607

Who wrote the Old Psalter

Thomas Sternhold and John Hopkins

How many meters and pslams are in the Old Psalter

17 meters for 150 psalms

Why is the Protesant Doxology nicknamed “Old Hundred”

the editors of Old Psalter borrowed the tune of Psalm 134 from the Genevan Psalter but used it for Psalm 100

In Old Psalter, which meter was used for Psalm 100

Long Meter (8.8.8.8)

In Old Psalter, which meter was used for Psalm 23

Common Meter (8.6.8.6)

When Pilgrims debarked from *Mayflower* in 1620, which Psalter did they carry?

1612 Ainsworth Psalter

How many meters did Rev. Henry Ainsworth use for his psalter?

15

What was the first published book in the English colonies

*The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully translated into English Metre* (“Bay Psalm Book”)

Who wrote the “Bay Psalm Book”

a team of 30 ministers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston

How many meters were used in the Bay Psalm Book

6

How many copies of Bay Psalm Book were issued in 1640

1,700

how many editions of Bay Psalm Book were published

almost 30

In 2013, how much money was one of the 11 surviving 1640 Bay Psalm Books auctioned for?

$14.165 million

Which edition of the Bay Psalm Book issued in 1698 had an appendix at the back with 13 melodies?

9th edition

What milestone was achieved with the 9th edition of the Bay Psalm Book

the appended tunes were the first notated music to be printed in the northern Colonies

What is a precentor

a church member with a strong voice

what is lining-out

a rote-singing method in which the precentor would “set the tune” by singing one phrase of the psalm at a time while the others would echo him, line by line

What were some perils of lining-out

1) precentors would start out by “setting” one tune but the congregation would accidentally ease into a different melody

2) other precentors used their leadership roles to embellish the psalm melodies

Who published a 1720 sermon against the “Usual Way” (lining-out)

the minister Thomas Symmes

what was musical literacy called?

regular singing

what would regular singing permit?

singing in harmony

Why was the year 1721 a milestone for Regular Singing advoates?

two separate music instruction books were published in Boston

Which two Regular Singing instruction books were published in Boston in 1721?

1) Reverend John Tufts: *An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes*

2) Thomas Walter:*The Grounds and Rules of Musick, Explained; or, An Introduction to the Art of Singing by Note*

Which Regular Singing instruction book was published by James Franklin, older half-brother to Benjamin Franklin?

Thomas Walter’s *The Grounds and Rules of Musick, Explained; or, An Introduction to the Art of Singing by Note*

How many tunes were in Tufts’s 5th edition of his Regular Singing instruction book published in 1726

37 tunes

What do Tufts’s “100 Psalm Tune New” and Walter’s “Southwel New” have in common?

they have no known precedents and are original tunes

What were singing schools

Schools all along the Atlantic Seaboard that were training thousands of vocalists in Regular Singing and weaning young ppl away from secular music

How did a teacher or “singing master” promote their singing school in a community?

by means of newspaper ads or a broadside (a single sheet containing the announcement, similar to a flyer)

Who attended singing schools?

both men and women

What did singing schools quickly become?

a social outlet for colonial young ppl

Who was Moses Cheney

abolitionist, printer, and legislator who attended singing schools many times in his youth

What milestone occurred in 1761?

James Lyon published Urania, a 198-page volume that dwarfed previous publications

Who published Urania, or *A Choice Collection of Psam-Tunes, Anthems, and Hymns from the most approv’d authors, with some entirely new*

James Lyon

what are hymns

plain tunes; strophic religious texts (with accompanying musical settings) that were *not* strictly scriptural in origin, unlike psalms

plain tunes

4-voice homophonic compositions

set pieces

compositions designed to support a non-strophic sacred poem

in an anthem,

music was “set” to specific words that were *not* metrical, so the melodies could not be “multi-purpose”

how many compositoins in *Urania*

96 compositions

Which tune did “Whitefields in *Urania* borrow

God Save the King

Which of our own patriotic songs uses the same tune as God Save the King

“America”

What landmakr was achieved in 1770?

the first New World publication devoted to works by a single American-born composer

What was the first New World publication devoted to works by a single American-born composer

*The New-England Psalm Singer: or American Chorister* by William Billings

Who wrote *The New-England Psalm Singer: or American Chorister*

William Billings

Who wrote “Chester”

William Billings

Who wrote “Lamentation Over Boston”

William Billings

Who was the first American who tried to make music his primary profession

William Billings

What does “Usual Way” refer to

lining-out

Who was Thomas Walter?

complained about the Usual Way’s “confused and disorderly Noises

Who was Cotton Mather?

one of the many ministers who longed for church congregations to learn Regular Singing

Where did the Usual Way or “Old Way” of singing live on?

in smaller towns and in rural areas

What were some objections to Regular Singing

1) when ppl develop musical literacy, they want to form a separate choir, running against Calvinist belief that singing should involve entire congregation

2) tempos were quicker, sounding secular, calling them “Song-Tunes” or “tunes to dance to”

fuging tune

a type of song that incorporated imitative polyphony

genre

a term used to label categories of musical compositions

Which tunebook was the first American publication to include fuging tunes

*Urania* (James Lyon 1761)

“plain tune”

the first section of a fuging tune; the opening homophonic portion that used a sacred text set to 4-voice harmonization

“fuge”

second half of a fuging tune, when the texture swithced from homophony to polyphony

How did American fuging tunes differ from British ones

the melodies became more simple, angular, and stronger in general effect

Who wrote *The Singing Master’s Assisant* in 1778?

William Billings

How many fuging tunes were in *The Singing Master’s Assisant* 1778?

10 fuging tunes

what were American composer in the last 30 years of the 18th century called

Yankee Tunesmiths or the First New England School

Timothy Sawn day job

hatter, merchant, singing-school master

Supply Belcher day job

tavernkeeper

Justin Morgan day job

schoolmaster, tavernkeeper, singing-school master, breeder of the Morgan horse

Andrew Law day job

minister

William Billings day job

tanner

Danial Read day job

storekeeper, publisher, composer of fuging tune “Sherburne”

Who composed the fuging tune “Sherburne”

Daniel Read

How many tunes did Daniel Read compose?

more than 400 tunes

Who issued *The American Music Magazine* in 1786

Daniel Read

What was *The American Music Magazine* in 1786 the first to do?

publish a music periodical in American

Who published *The American Singing Book, or A New and Easy Guide to the Art of Psalmody, Designed for the Use of Singing- Schools in America* in 1785

Daniel Read

Besides *The American Singing Book*, what other tunebook did Daniel Read publish?

*The Columbian Harmonist*

Which tunebook is “Sherburne” in?

*THe American Singing Book* by Daniel Read

Why did Jerusha Sherman’s father object to Daniel Read’s marriage proposal?

he was a poor little lad

How was an item’s popularity traced?

how often it was reprinted

What was the Statute of Anne?

1710 English copyright law that gave authors exclusive rights over their work for 14 years

When was the Federal Copyright Law passed?

1790

Who sent a petition for copyright protection to the Connecticut General Assembly in 1781?

Andrew Law