Chapter 5: Health & Human Rights

Human Rights

Entitlements that are due to every person simply because that person is human

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

Spells out more than 2 dozen civil, political, economic, social, & cultural human rights

Health Principle 1

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, & social well-being & not merely the absence of disease

Health Principle 2

Enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic, or social condition

Health Principle 3

Health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace & security & is dependent upon the fullest cooperation of individual states

Health Principle 4

The achievement of any State in the promotion & protection of health is of value to all

Health Principle 5

Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health & control of disease, especially communicable disease, is a common danger

Health Principle 6

Healthy development of the child is of basic importance; the ability to live harmoniously in a changing total environment is essential to such development

Health Principle 7

The extension to all peoples of the benefits of medical, psychological, & related knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health

Health Principle 8

Informed opinion & active cooperation on the part of the public are of the utmost importance in the improvement of the health of the people

Health Principle 9

Governments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health & social measures

Human Right 1 & 2

Right to equal dignity & human rights for all humans

Human Right 3

Right to life, liberty, & security of person

Human Right 4

Freedom from slavery & servitude

Human Right 5

Freedom from torture & cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment

Human Right 6

Right to recognition as a person

Human Right 7

Freedom from discrimination

Human Right 8

Right to legal protection of human rights

Human Right 9

Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile

Human Right 10

Right to fair trial

Human Right 11

Right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty

Human Right 12

Right to privacy

Human Right 13

Freedom of movement

Human Right 14

Right to asylum

Human Right 15

Right to a nationality

Human Right 16

Right to marry & found a family

Human Right 17

Right to own property

Human Right 18

Freedom of thought, conscience, & religion

Human Right 19

Freedom of opinion & expression

Human Right 20

Freedom of peaceful assembly & association

Human Right 21

Right to participate in government

Human Right 22

Right to social security

Human Right 23

Right to work

Human Right 24

Right to rest & leisure

Human Right 25

Right to a standard of living adequate for the health & well-being of the individual & his/her family, including food, clothing, housing, medical care, & necessary social services, & the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, or old age

Human Right 26

Right to education

Human Right 27

Right to participate in the cultural life of a community

Standard of Health

Targets that governments set for improving the health of the populations they govern

Brain Drain

Migration of healthcare professionals trained in low- & middle-income countries to higher paying jobs in high-income countries

Clinical Trial

A research study that evaluates the safety & effectiveness of a health intervention

Patent

The exclusive rights to sell the new product for at least 20 years

World Trade Organization (WTO)

A UN-related organization that negotiates & enforces trade agreements among UN member nations

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

An international agreement negotiated through WTO that protects patents, copyrights, registered trademarks, & industrial designs across national boundaries

Counterfeit

An illegal product that is marketed deceptively

Generic Drug

A medication with the same active ingredient as a brand-name medication that is produced after the patent for the brand-name medication expires

Essential Medication

A drug that has been identified as a high priority for a country's health system to have in stock at all times because it is a cost-effective treatment for a common health issue

Distributive Justice

The ethical principle that needed resources in a population should be fairly allocated

Crisis

A small-scale event that can easily be addressed locally

Capacity>Demand

Local response sufficient

Emergency

A larger event that stresses local resources, but can still be managed locally

Capacity=Demand

Local response sufficient

Disaster

Occurs when the need for assistance exceeds local capacity

Demand>Capacity

Outside assistance is necessary

Catastrophe

Overwhelms the local response network & requires extensive outside assistance

Demand>>Capacity

Extensive Outside assistance is necessary

Natural Disasters

Weather-Related Disasters

Geophysical Disasters

Climate-Related Disasters

Biological Disasters

Weather-Related Disasters

Floods

Landslides/Mudslides

Hurricanes/Cyclones/Typhoons

Tornadoes

Winter Storms

Geophysical Disasters

Earthquakes

Tsunamis

Volcanic Erruptions

Climate-Related Disasters

Droughts

Extreme Heat

Extreme Cold

Wildfires & Forest Fires

Biological Disasters

Pandemic Disease

Insect Infestations

Human-Generated Disasters

Intentional

Unintentional

Intentional Human-Generated Disasters

War

Genocide/Ethnic Cleansing

Terrorism

Refugee Crises

Internally Displaced Person Crises

Unintentional Human-Generated Disasters

Transportation Accidents

Industrial Accidents

Hazardous Materials Spill

Explosions/Fires

Radiation

Structural Collapses (buildings, bridges, dams, & tunnels)

National Incident Management System (NIMS)

An emergency response framework in the United States that specifies how different governmental agencies & nongovernmental organizations work together to respond to a disaster

Incident Command System (ICS)

An organizational structure used in the United States to provide a clear chain of command for people who respond to an emergency

Essential Support Functions (ESFs)

Critical service areas that require immediate attention after a disaster

Sendai Framework

A global agreement about disaster risk reduction that aims to significantly reduce the number of deaths & the magnitude of destruction caused by natural disasters

Emergency Management

Disaster Management

Oversees all resources & responsibilities related to emergencies & disasters, including prevention, preparedness, response, & recovery

Steps of Emergency Management

Readiness

Response

Recovery

Remediation

Mitigation

Reduction of risks

Process of implementing preemptive measures to protect people & property from hazards, such as by enforcing building codes

Resilience

The ability of a community or nation to resist, survive, adapt to, & recover from natural disasters & other adverse events

Complex Humanitarian Emergency

Occurs when civil conflict or war causes mass migration of civilian populations, food insecurity, & long-term public health concerns

Médecins Sans Frontières

Doctors without Borders

Provides medical care to people harmed by violence no matter what the victim's races, religions, & political affiliations are

Landmine

A buried explosive device placed during wartime

Is a hazard to workers, children, & communities long after the conflict is over

Prosthetic

A replacement body part, such as an artificial leg or arm that might be used after a limb is lost in a landmine explosion

Bioterrorism

The deliberate release of pathogens, chemicals, or other agents that can cause illness & possibly death of people, animals, or plants

Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Nonderogable Right

Human right that is irrevocable, such as the rights to freedom from slavery & freedom from torture

Impairment

A difference or limitation in an anatomical structure, mental or sensory function, or physiological function that constrains the capacity of an individual to do a task or action

Disability

Occurs when an impairment leads to restrictions in activity & participation

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

The routine daily self-care functions that are required for health & survival, such as dressing, eating, ambulating, using the toilet, & taking care of personal hygiene

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)

Required for independent living, such as shopping, housekeeping, managing personal finances, preparing foods, & navigating transportation

Rehabilitation

The process of restoring, improving, or maintaining the highest level of function possible in order to maximize independence & quality of life

Assistive Device

Assistive Technology

A tool that helps with the performance of a task