bio 1002

large circular chromosome

Prokaryotes have \__________.

Peptidoglycan

is a component of the cell wall of bacteria. All of the organisms in the domain Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls whereas none in the domain Archaea do.

Bacteria and Archaea differ in the structure and composition of their \__________.

plasma membrane, ribosomes, and RNA polymerases

The small circular DNA molecules found only in prokaryotes are known as \__________

plasmids

During bacterial conjugation, the transferred item is a \__________

plasmid

Which of the following traits allows some bacteria to survive extreme conditions for millions of years?

endospore formation

Which of the following enable plants to obtain a usable form of nitrogen?

bacteria

The majority of bacteria are \__________.

harmless

They are nonliving, infectious agents or pathogens that can cause disease in organisms.

viruses, viroids, and prions?

Classification of organisms may use many kinds of traits. Which of these are used in prokaryotic classification?

cell shape, means of locomotion, nutrient sources, and staining properties.

The simple form of cell division by which prokaryotic cells reproduce is called \__________.

binary fission

one cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another, while keeping one copy for itself.

At the end of conjugation, \__________.

Which structures do bacteria use to move?

flagella

Sexual reproduction performed by eukaryotes is similar to bacterial conjugation because

genetic variability increases

Which of the following is an autotroph because of the photosynthesis it performs?

cyanobacteria \n viruses \n prions \n endospores

cyanobacteria

Which of these is a bacterial disease?

Ebola \n AIDS \n tetanus \n common cold

tetanus

Which of the following pairs of organism and disease is INCORRECT

bacterium: syphilis \n prion: kuru \n virus: AIDS \n archaean: gonorrhea

archaean: gonorrhea

What are viruses that attack bacteria called?

bacteriophages

What components make up a virus?

DNA or RNA and a protein coat

Viruses make new viral copies (reproduce) \__________.

in a host cell only

After a retrovirus enters its host cell, \__________.

reverse transcription creates a strand of DNA complementary to the viral RNA. The virus must reverse transcribe its RNA into DNA before it can begin to produce more virus components.

After reverse transcription creates viral DNA from the viral RNA, the viral DNA \__________.

enters the host cell's nucleus and is integrated into the host's chromosome

After viral DNA and viral envelope proteins are assembled into new viruses, they exit the host cell via \__________.

exocytosis

The name of the process by which DNA is transferred from one prokaryote to another via a cytoplasmic bridge is

conjugation

A community of prokaryotes surrounded by slime and adhering to a surface is called a(n)

biofilm

Applying fertilizer near an oil spill to increase the population of oil-consuming bacteria is an example of

bioremediation

_____ __have peptidoglycan in their ________,but_____________do not.

Bacteria, cell walls, archaea

Prokaryotic cells are (larger/smaller) than eukaryotic cells. The most common shapes of prokaryotes are , , and .

Smaller; Spherical; Rod-shaped; Corkscrew shaped

Many prokaryotes use \_________________ to move about. Some prokaryotes secrete slime that protects them when they aggregate in communities called\_____________. Other prokaryotes can survive long periods and extreme conditions by producing protective structures called\______________

Flagella, Biofilm, Endospores

\____________________-bacteria inhabit environments that lack oxygen. \________________-bacteria capture energy from sunlight.

Anaerobic; Photosynthetic

Prokaryotes reproduce by___________________and may sometimes exchange genetic material through the process of_______________

Prokaryotic fission; Conjugation

The plant nutrient ammonium is produced by \_________________ bacteria in the soil and in nodules. Prokaryotes that live in the digestive tracts of cows and rabbits break down \________________ in the leaves that those mammals eat.

Nitrogen-fixing; cellulose

Cholera, gonorrhea, and pneumonia are some of the diseases caused by pathogenic \________________- . Harmful strains of E. coli can be transmitted to humans by consumption of , , or .

Bacteria; meat, eggs, produce

A virus consists of a molecule of\______________or\_______________ surrounded by a(n)\______________-coat. A virus cannot reproduce unless it enters a(n)\__________________cell. A virus that infects bacteria is known as a(n)\__________--.

DNA, RNA, Protein, Host, bacteriophage

Describe some of the ways in which prokaryotes obtain energy and nutrients.

Bacteria acquire energy through photosynthesis or by the breakdown of organic or inorganic molecules. Bacteria acquire nutrients through the breakdown of organic or inorganic molecules and by nitrogen fixation.

What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and what role do they play in ecosystems?

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria inhabit the roots of legume plants and capture nitrogen gas, releasing ammonia, which is important in plant nutrition and ultimately our own nutrition. This process is critical to the nitrogen cycle.

Describe some of the extreme environments in which prokaryotes are found. What parts of the human body are inhabited by prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes are found in extremely hot environments such as boiling hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents; in extremely cold environments such as Antarctic ice; in extremely salty environments such as the Dead Sea; and in extremely acidic or alkaline waters. In and on humans, prokaryotes live in the mouth, nose, urogenital tract, digestive system, and most parts of the skin

What is an endospore? What is its function?

An endospore is a protective resting structure of many rod-shaped bacteria that allows them to survive extremely unfavorable conditions for long periods of time.

What is conjugation? What role do plasmids play in conjugation?

Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material from one prokaryote to another. In most cases, the transferred material consists of small, circular pieces of DNA known as plasmids.

Why are prokaryotes especially useful in bioremediation?

Prokaryotic species can extract energy from many different types of molecules, including those that are environmental pollutants and that cannot be broken down by eukaryotes

Describe the structure of a typical virus. How do viruses replicate?

A virus consists of a nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses replicate inside host cells using the replication machinery of the host cell.

Describe some examples of how prokaryotes are helpful to humans and some examples of how they are harmful to humans.

Helpful: Act as decomposers; bioremediation of toxic pollutants; act as beneficial gut residents; fix nitrogen for crops; help domestic animals digest cellulose. Harmful: Produce toxins; cause food to rot or spoil; cause diseases

How do archaea and bacteria differ? How do prokaryotes and viruses differ?

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, archaeal cell walls do not; the structure of bacterial ribosomal RNA differs from that of archaeal ribosomal RNA; bacteria and archaea use different versions of the enzymes that synthesize RNA (RNA polymerases). Viruses are much smaller than prokaryotes; the genetic material of prokaryotes is always double-stranded DNA, virus genetic material may be single- or double-stranded DNA or single- or double-stranded RNA; viruses cannot replicate outside of a host cell, prokaryotes can replicate independently; prokaryotes have ribosomes, viruses do not.

What is the second of the two names in an organism's scientific name?

SPECIES

What should biologists do when two similar organisms that were originally thought to be separate species are found to interbreed freely and produce normal offspring whenever they live in the same habitat?

Consider both types to be a single species

From a classification viewpoint, how are plants associated with animals

They both belong in the Domain Eukarya.

What makes the group called "protists" unique or different?

Protists are a diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms but they are not plants, fungi, or animals

Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s)

Bacteria and Archaea

In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom

Monera

In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes?

Protista

In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae?

They are sedentary.

There is one eukaryotic domains.

yea

Biodiversity is defined as

the total range of species diversity on Earth.

What is the size range of bacteria and archaea?

0.2 to 10 micrometers

In terms of abundance, which of the following is Earth's predominant form of life?

Prokaryotes

Why do virologists consider viruses to be non-living?

They are not cells nor or they composed of cells, the basic components of life

Which of the following describes a viral particle?

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

White blood cells that produce antibodies are called

Plasma Cells

What characteristics of the skin make it such a formidable barrier to infectious agents?

The outer surface is dry, dead cells filled with tough proteins, such as those in hair and nails.

consists of organisms too small to be seen clearly without a microscope

microbes

range in sizes 10-100 micrometer

eukaryotes

There are groups of biological entities which are even smaller than bacteria. these groups are

viruses, viroids, and prions

The bacterial cell wall is composed of:

peptidoglycan

Shapes of bacteria:

cocci, bacilli, spirilla

Movement toward or away from a stimulus.

taxis

Which of the structures below exist in Bacteria and not in Plants?

Flagella

Bacteria and Archaea are

Prokaryotic

Are archae and bacteria unicellular or multicellular?

unicellular

Ribsomes present but no mitochondria or chloroplasts

bacteria or archae

ribosomes and mitochondria

eukaryotic cell

have a free-floating chromosome that is usually circular and is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane. Instead, the DNA simply exists in a region of the cell called the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells only have a small range of organelles, generally only a plasma membrane and ribosomes.

Prokaryotic cells

have chromosomes that are enclosed in a true nucleus, and are therefore separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic cells also have a wide range of organelles that perform specialized functions.

eukaryotic cell

What is the name of largest bacteria discovered so far

Thiuomargarita

Do smaller or larger bacteria take longer to divide? Which has faster metabolic activiites?

Smaller are faster and have advantages

How to Small cells increase surface area?

By folding cell membran

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. What advantages might small cell size confer on a cell? What advantages might large cell size have?

Small size, in general, is necessary for all cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic. As a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases. If the cell grows too large, the plasma membrane will not have sufficient surface area to support the rate of diffusion required for the increased volume. In other words, as a cell grows large in size, it becomes less efficient in performing cellular processes! Other ways are to increase surface area is by folding of the cell membrane, become flat or thin and elongated, or develop organelles that perform specific tasks. These adaptations lead to developing more sophisticated cells, which we call eukaryotic cells.

Reference:

16S DNA are for and 18s are for

Prokaryotes. Eukaryotes

In the three domain of life Archaea is placed right in the middle. What does this signify about Archaea bacteria closeness to Bacteria and Eukarya domains?

they are very similar to bacteria in appearance.. Like bacteria, archaea are prokaryotic organisms and do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. Similarites to Eukaryotes include introns, histones, several types of RNA polymerase, and methionine as the first amino acid in protein synthesis. Also, the comparison of nucliec acid sequences shows greater similarity between archaea and eukaryotes.

Cell walls of bacteria are strenghened by

Peptidoglycan (a polysaccharide)

a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome. Each chromosome contains a long molecule of DNA, which must fit into the cell nucleus. To do that, the DNA wraps around complexes of histone proteins, giving the chromosome a more compact shape

Histone

a region that resides within a gene but does not remain in the final mature mRNA molecule following transcription of that gene and does not code for amino acids that make up the protein encoded by that gene.

intron

In prokaryotes, is the DNA in contact with the cellular cytoplasm? Is DNA in Eukaryotes separated in a nuclear envelope?

Yes. Yes

Archaea that live in extreme environments.

extremophiles

Phylogenic tree

A chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by phylogenic systematics. It contains a time component and implies ancestor-descendant relationships.

It has been widely accepted that the __*are highly similar for evolutionary closed organisms, but not similar for evolutionary distant organisms. Therefore,*__ ________ have been widely used for building phylogenetic trees

genomic sequences

the alignment of three or more biological sequences (protein or nucleic acid) of similar length. From the output, homology can be inferred and the evolutionary relationships between the sequences studied.

Multiple Sequence Alignment

Dr. Nemo is trying to create a phylogenetic tree to compare between three bacterial species that he found in a soil sample. What data does he need to collect to help him construct a meaningful phylogenetic tree?

(shape/appearance), internal anatomy, behaviors, biochemical pathways, DNA and protein sequences

E. coli and Salmonella are found where

Raw fruits and vegetables

Raw milk

Eggs

Oysters have which type of bacteria

Vibrio

Raw eggs have which type of bacteria

Salmonella

Raw vegetables may have which type of bacteria?

Salmonella, E. Coli. and Listeria

Why are most prokaryotic cells small?

To survive well under nutrient limitation

Easy Dispersal \n Can sieve through geological strata \n Can evade protistan predation

____ __refers to mechanisms that are initiated by the bacteria themselves, whereas__ _______ refers to biofilm cell detachment that is mediated by external forces such as fluid shear, abrasion (collision of solid particles with the biofilm), predator grazing, and human

Active vs passive dispersal

Which cells are removed by grazing?

Intermediate sized cells. Large cells are too big to digest

Bacteria may respond to nutrient deprivation by filamentation, which increases their total surface area without an appreciable increase in the surface-to-volume ratio

FIlamentation

How do cells respond to nutirent deprivation?

diffusion, filentation, and elongation

What diseases are related to Mycobacterium?

Tuberculosis and Leprosy

Gram Positive bacteria include:

Streptoccus and Bacillus

Gram negative bacteria include

Salmonella and vibrio