APPP: L24 Liver Lipoproteins I & II

… disease presents as angina, myocardial infarction, and chronic heart failure

Coronary heart

Atherosclerosis is the … of lipid and … of arterial wall

accumulation, thickening

Arterial … are especially vulnerable to atherosclerosis

bifurcations

What are the 3 functions of cholesterol?

Component of cell membranes, precursor of aldosterone, precursor of estrogen and androgens

… for sodium and water retention

Aldosterone 

For the production of endogenous cholesterol, what is rate-limiting step?

HMG CoA reductase

Cholesterol and water doesn’t mix, so … are what moves cholesterol into the bloodstream

lipoproteins

… cholesterol comes from the liver while … comes from the diet

Endogenous, exogenous

Chylomicrons are formed in the …

gut

Chylomicrons and VLDL mostly contain …

triglycerides

LDL mostly contains …

cholesterol

HDL mostly contains …

protein

… receptors help move the bad cholesterol by moving it to the … where it can safely be stored

LDL, liver

For LDL particle sizes, … is better

larger

Smaller LDL means that it is more … and … rich = very bad

dense, cholesterol

When LDL is … and …, the LDL receptors … take up the bad cholesterol, so now it circulates and accumulates in the plasma

small, dense, cannot

… causes platelets to aggregate 

TXA2

If you block …, there won’t be plasmin → no … breakdown → blood clot

t-PA, fibrin

… cholesterol is good, it can go from the … and into the … for safe storage = reverse cholesterol transport = reduces risk of artherosclerosis

HDL, tissues, liver 

The … makes LDL receptors

liver

If cholesterol is high, then … cholesterol production is stopped

endogenous

Drugs that lower cholesterol blocks the … which stops the production of cholesterol by the liver

HMG CoA reductase

The LDL receptors get to the membrane via the … system

endomembrane

Normally, LDL receptors are recycled after bringing LDL in. However, when … is present, the LDL receptor gets  degraded along with LDL in the lysosome. So blocking this would … the amount of receptors.

PCSK9, increase

Normally you don’t lose …, it gets reabsorbed. When it gets absorbed, so does cholesterol

bile acids

When bile acids …, more cholesterol will be converted into bile acids, which … LDL receptors

decreases, increases

Defective cholesterol metabolism could be due to … or …

genetics, diet

No … receptors = LDL cannot be taken up by the liver and remain in the …

LDL, plasma

Defects in the LDL receptors leads to …

hypercholesterolemia

When a monocyte engulfs many LDLs, it becomes a …

macrophage 

When macrophages takes up a lot of modified LDL and becomes bigger, it will eventually turn into …

foam cells

Foam cells form in the …

intima

Foam cell accumulation gives a … surface appearance

lobular

What is the progression of atherosclerosis?

Normal → fatty streak → fibrous plaque → occlusive plaque → plaque rupture → arterial thrombosis

Atherosclerosis could proceed to …

arterial thrombosis

The cause of most acute coronary syndromes are due to … of disrupted atheroma

thrombosis

HDL … oxidation of LDL, … cholesterol efflux, and … adhesion molecule expression

inhibits, promote, inhibits

… (MCP) helps monocytes pass through the endothelium, which allows it to come in contact with modified LDL and form macrophages 

Monocyte chemoattractant protein