Neuroscience and Speech Pathology

Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms related to neuroscience and speech pathology for exam preparation.

Dysarthria

A neurological disorder affecting the muscular control of speech.

Apraxia

A neurological disorder affecting the planning of speech movements.

CVA

Cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as a stroke.

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for higher-level cognition, judgment, and motor control.

Occipital Lobe

The brain region primarily responsible for visual processing.

Temporal Lobe

Responsible for auditory processing and memory.

Cranial Nerve

Nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brainstem, primarily responsible for motor and sensory functions.

Afferent Neurons

Sensory neurons that carry information to the central nervous system.

Efferent Neurons

Motor neurons that carry signals away from the central nervous system to effectors.

Meninges

The three membranes that protect the central nervous system.

Basal Ganglia

Group of nuclei in the brain involved in the regulation of motor activities.

Hydrocephalus

A condition characterized by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain.

Ischemic Stroke

A type of stroke that occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain is obstructed.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A type of stroke that results from bleeding in or around the brain.

Glial Cells

Supportive cells in the nervous system that contribute to homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons.

Myelin Sheath

An insulating layer that surrounds the axons of some neurons, facilitating faster transmission of electrical signals.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical substances released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse.

Cognitive Functions

Mental processes involving the acquisition of knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

Aphasia

A language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate.

Apraxia

A motor disorder caused by damage to the brain, characterized by difficulty planning and executing movements.

Cognitive-Communicative Impairment

Deficits in the ability to think and communicate effectively.

Executive Functioning

Higher-level cognitive processes that include planning, reasoning, problem solving, and self-regulation.

Sensory Processing

The mechanism by which the brain receives and interprets sensory information.