ORAL COMMUNICATION MIDTERMs

communication (root word)

communis or communicare (latin)

communication (definition)

to share or to be in relation with

indo-european, common, commune, community = bringing together

Oral Communication

communication that is primarily spoken

Natures of Communication

is a process

is an art

has a sender and receiver

is verbal and nonverbal

is inevitable

is irreversible

is unrepeatable

Communication as a process

You follow a certain process of communication

message which is encoded then sent through a channel which is then decoded by the receiver and the sender receives feedback

speaker

source of information

message

ideas conveyed by the speaker

encoding

converting the message into words and/or actions

channel

medium or the means in which the encoded message is conveyed

decoding

converting the message, interpretation

receiver

recipient of the message, and someone who decodes the message

feedback

reactions, responses or information provided by the receiver

context

environment where communication takes place

barrier

factors that affect the flow of communication

Noise

anything that garbles or makes the message less clear

Physiological Noise

when there is a problem with the health of the person who is receiving or sending messages

- deaf, hunger, stomach ache

Semantic Noise

different interpretations of the meaning of a certain word

Syntactical noise

Mistakes in grammar that can disrupt communication such as abrupt changes in verb tense

Organizational noise

Poorly structured or planned message can also be a barrier.

Giving poor instructions, or instructions that are unclear or contrarian

Cultural Noise

Differences in worldview that cause message interference

- Ex: saying merry christmas to a nonchristian

Psychological noise

the thoughts and feelings that distract people from listening to what is said

- bias making it so that you don't listen to someone

Physical noise

any sound that prevents a person from being heard

control

function if communication that is used to regulate the nature and amount of activities humans engage in

social interaction

function if communication that is how we maintain and create bonds with one another

emotional expression

function if communication that is how we express our emotions and feelions

motivation

function if communication that is using their language to express their needs, wants, innotations, choices and aspirations

information dissemination

function if communication that is giving and getting information usually comes in statements of facts

small talk

type of talk that is non threatening communication that may be used to affect social interaction

Light-Control talk

type of talk that is a Tactful use of power to get results and may be used to motivate people

Heavy control talk

type of talk that is designed to place blame and to control or to regulate people

Search talk

type of talk - another non threatening approach when you want to gather data or the consensus of others to be able to provide class information

Straight talk

type of talk that is good for problem-solving and conflict resolution and may be used to facilitate emotional expression for catharsis, which is the act of purging, cleansing, and unloading of ideas and emotions

mantra

a commonly repeated word or phrase; statement or slogan

model

systematic description of a phenomenon or abstract process

communication models

describes the process of communication

The linear model

one way channel → a sender sends a message through a channel to a receiver in an atmosphere of noise

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

proponents of the linear model

SMCR Model

A communication model that identifies the Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver.

David Berlo

he proposed the SMCR communication process.

Interactive Model

A model that represents communication as a feedback process, in which listeners and speakers both simultaneously send and receive messages.

Wilbur Schramm

Father of mass communication

proponent of interactive model

field of experience

the cultural background and other frames of reference that an individual may bring into the interaction.

Transactional Model

commonly observed in interpersonal communication or where one person communicates with another person.

Dean Barnlund

developed the transactional model

language barrier

speaking different language

jargon

set of specialized vocabulary in a certain field

psychological barrier

mental state, emotions and stuff, affects how we understand

physiological noise

individuals personal discomfort

physical barrier

noise made from the environment

geographic location between communicators

attitudinal barrier

how people act

cultural barrier

provides people ways of thinking\

strategies to avoid communication breakdown

be a active listener

focus on the issue

give and accept feedback

use common and appropriate language

be a positive thinker

Effects of communication breakdown

loss of morale

demotivation

embarrassment

anger

tension among the team

stress caused to individuals

loss of clients, business and sales

disorganization

gossip

7cs of effective communication

completeness

conciseness

consideration

concreteness

courtesy

clearness

correctness

Dyadic

involves two participants

conversation

face to face interaction

informal

discussion

discussions or negotiations

interview

formal and purposive consultation

small group discussion

gathering of three or more people who aim to explore a subject matter or issue

public speaking

speaker speaks in front of an audience

stage fright

fear of speaking before an audience that generally involves a stage

glossophobia

anxiety or fear of public speaking

shyness

predisposition to withdraw or avoid communication with other people

communication apprehension

an individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons

Context

set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event of situation

Intrapersonal

the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate ones emotions, interests, fears, motivations or goals

Interpersonal

the capacity to experience the intentions, interests, desires, fears and motivations (Howard Gardner)

public speaking

speaking before an audience

Nonverbal cues

Communication without words using techniques such as eye contact, body language, gestures, and physical closeness.

Communication

is the process of exchanging information or messages from one party to another

monolingual

speaks only one language

bilingual

speaks two languages

trilingual

fluent in three languages

multilingual

speaks four or five languages

polygot

someone who is fluent in more than 5 languages

hyperpolygot

someone who is fluent in 12 languages or more

Language

the words, its pronunciation, and the methods of combining them which is used and understood by a community

Phonology

sounds

Morphoplogy

words

Syntax

word formation

Semantics

literal meaning

Pragmatics

language use

Accent

it is a distinctive way if pronouncing a language

Linking

merging of multiple words.

example:

don't you = doncha

going to = gonna

Intonation

is the rise and fall of pitch

example:

i love you.

i love you?

Stress

gives particular emphasis or importance to a point

example:

'produce - things that have been produced or grown

pro'duce - manufacture from components or raw materials

Verbal communication

expressing ideas to others by using spoken words

example:

face to face conversations, telephone conversations, chats, etc.

Non-verbal communication

communicating without the use of words

examples:

facial expressions, body language, gestures, tone of the voice, etc.

Visual communication

the use of symbols to communicate

examples:

charts, graphs, clip arts, signs and symbols

Dynamic

there is a constant change in the elements of this process and in the process itself.

Systematic

affects and influence each other and communication itself

Symbolic

interaction through symbols

Meaningful

communication involves meaning: interpreting, understanding, giving, transacting, and sharing meaning.

Denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Connotative meaning

meaning we associate with the word

Relational

it develops and maintains friendship

Presentational

provides information about a person's perspective and worldview

Communication model

the process whereby meaning is transferred from a source to a receiver

Linear model

one way channel → a sender sends a message through a channel to a receiver in an atmosphere of noise

Interactive model

two way process - where each person in the interaction switches back and forth between the sender and the receiver.