Bio 2 Exam 2 C

The functional equivalent of arteries and veins in plants are
A.roots and shoots
B.xylem and phloem
C.stomata and trichomes
D.parenchyma and collenchyma

B

\____ are used to allow gas exchange in leaves whereas \_____ are used to maximize water uptake in roots
A.stomata, root hairs
B.xylem, root hairs
C.stomata, phloem
D.trichomes, xylem

A

The outer layer of cells that protects the plant is called the
A.vascular tissue.
B.endoderm.
C.epidermis.
D.pericycle.

C

Plant cells that give rise to two cells, one of which is free to differentiate into various kinds of cells that contribute to the plant body, are called
A.endodermal cells.
B.primary cells.
C.parenchyma cells.
D.meristematic cells.

D

\__________cells function when dead
A.Parenchyma
B.Sclerenchyma
C.Collenchyma
D.Phloem

B

In your group: Of the following structures, which one is not made of specialized leaf cells?
A.Sclereids
B.Guard cells
C.Trichomes
D.Tendrils
E.Spines

A

In your group: In certain plants, some of the roots may be modified to carry out unusual functions. Which of these is not an example of one of these special functions?
A.Move the entire plant
B.Help absorb oxygen
C.Store food
D.Parasitize other plants
Store water

A

In your group: The waterproof cuticle covering the epidermis of land plants helps prevent dehydration, much like the skin of some land animals. As a consequence, what other evolutionary adaptation was important for most land plants?
A.the endodermis in the root
B.root hairs on the root epidermis
C.collenchyma fibers just beneath the surface of the epidermis
D. stomata in the leaves

D

In your group: Which of the following does not function as a site of active cell division?
A.Shoot apical meristem
B.Root apical meristem
C.Parenchyma meristem
D.Cork cambium

C

In plants with only primary growth, the epidermis is not
A.one cell thick.
B.the outer protective coating of the plant.
C.covered by a waxy layer that constitutes the cuticle.
D.covered with bark.

D

Primary growth in plants originates in
A.apical meristems.
B.lateral meristems.
C.vascular cambium.
D.cork cambium.

A

Which of the following cell types is not directly involved in transport, i.e. part of xylem and phloem?
A.Parenchyma
B.Vessel elements
C.Sieve tube elements
D.Tracheids
E.Companion cells

A

The widening of a tree trunk is mostly due to the activity of its
A.apical meristem.
B.secondary phloem.
C.vascular cambium.
D.primary xylem

C

Photosynthesis occurs mostly in \________ cells.
A.Parenchyma
B.Sclerenchyma
C.Collenchyma
D.Phloem

A

Which of the following consists of dead cells with thick cells walls, that are primarily used to support the plant?
A.Parenchyma
B.Collenchyma
C.Sclerenchyma
D.Trienchyma

C

Most of the water taken up by a plant is \_____.
A.used as a solvent
B.used as a hydrogen source in photosynthesis
C.lost during transpiration
D.used to keep cells turgid

C

What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?
A.active transport of ions into the stele
B.evaporation of water through stoma
C.the force of root pressure
D.osmosis in the root

B

Plant meristematic cells \_____.
A) are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant
B) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells
C) increase the surface area of dermal tissue by developing root hairs
D) subdivide into three distinct cell types named parenchyma, ground meristem, and procambium

B

A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure?
A.a guard cell
B.the root epidermis
C.the endodermis
D.the root cortex

C

In which of the following conditions do plants close their stomata? (Can vote for more than one)
A.Bright sunlight
B.Water stress
C.Low CO2
D. Lack of wind

B

To maintain guard cell turgor, which of the following must occur?
A.Potassium ions are pumped out.
B.Energy is constantly expended.
C.Water exits by osmosis.
D.Stomata take up oxygen.
E. Transpiration occurs.

B

In your group: The root of a carrot serves as
A.Only a translocation sink
B.Only a translocation source
C.Both a translocation source and sink
D.Only a transpiration source

C

In your group: All insects feeding on phloem sap, including aphids, are reliant on intracellular bacteria (Buchnera) that are passed from mother aphid to offspring. Aphids treated with antibiotics to kill the bacteria grow poorly and can not reproduce. The bacteria can not be grown outside of the aphid cells. The bacteria provide amino acids to the insects and the aphids provide the bacteria with sucrose. Under which of the following conditions is the aphid most likely to have trouble feeding?
A.On a bright sunny day in the summer.
B.During a drought, when the plant is under water stress.
C.Early in the spring when sucrose is being moved from the roots to the developing leaves.
D.When the stomata are open, allowing water to evaporate and leave the leaf mesophyll tissue.

B

In your group: If a stem is cut, what will occur if the xylem sap is under tension?
A.Xylem sap will spurt out
B.Xylem sap will stay at the cut surface
C.Air will be pulled into the xylem
D.The cut surface will form bubbles if placed under water

C

In your group: Which of the following is not transported within the plant by either the xylem or the phloem?
A.dissolved minerals
B.sucrose
C.hormones
D.water
E.starch

E

Endosperm tissue of angiosperms has what ploidy level?
A.n
B.2n
C.3n
D.4n
E.8n

C

Which of these common "vegetables" should technically be called a "fruit"?
A.Potato
B.Carrot
C.Lettuce
D.String beans
E.Celery

D

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?
A.wind pollination
B.dominant gametophytes
C.fruits enclosing seeds
D.sperm cells without flagella

C

Unripe fruits protect seeds from predation and early germination. What is the major function of ripe fruits?
A.attracting pollinators
B.dispersing seed
C.releasing nutrients to seeds
D.keeping the seed hydrated before germination

B

The vast number and variety of flower species is probably related to various kinds of
A.seed dispersal agents
B.pollinators
C.herbivores
D.climatic conditions

B

Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem?
A.Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport.
B.Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.
C.Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources.
D.Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement.

B

Which of the following is a potential advantage of introducing asexual reproduction into crop species?
A.Cultivars would be better able to cope with a rapidly changing environment.
B.They would have a larger potential genome than inbred crops.
C.All of the desirable traits of the cultivar would be passed on to offspring.
D.They would benefit from positive mutations in their DNA.

C

Which of the following is true?
A.Only eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus
B.Only eukaryotes have ribosomes
C.Only bacteria have cell walls
D.Only bacteria and eukaryotes have a plasma membrane

A

Which of the following characteristics is not shared by Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya?
A.Semiconservative replication of DNA
B.Plasma membranes
C.Ribosomes
D.Microtubules

D

Animals are in the domain...
A. Prokaryotes
B. Eukaryotes
C. Protista
D. Archaea

B

A trait not common to all animals is
A. Eukaryotic
B. Spinal cord
C. Heterotroph
D. Multicellular

B

In your group: Multicellularity is a trait that has evolved independently in
A.animals
B.plants
C.fungi
D.all of the above

D

The most diagnostic (i.e. unique) shared derived trait for animals is the presence of
A.sexual reproduction
B.multicellularity
C.a blastula
D.active movement

C

In your group: A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny?
A.genes involved in chitin synthesis
B.collagen genes
C.plasmodesmata genes
D.genes involved in eye-lens synthesis

B

In your group: You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid?
A.It is segmented.
B.It is triploblastic.
C.It has a coelom.
D.It sheds its external skeleton to grow.

D

In your group: What do all deuterostomes have in common?
A.Adults are bilaterally symmetrical.
B. Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits.
C.All have a spinal column.
D.The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

D

The most diagnostic (i.e. unique) shared derived trait for animals is the presence of
A.sexual reproduction
B.multicellularity
C.a blastula
D.active movement

C

Porifera differ from other animals in that they
A. do not form true organs
B. are sessile
C. have three germ layers
D. have radial symmetry

A

The terms "acoelomate," "pseudocoelomate," and "coelomate" are used to describe
A.cephalization
B.origin of the blastopore
C.ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
D.the body cavity of animals

D

The most compelling evidence that the choanoflagellates give rise to animals is
A.similarity in DNA sequences
B.that they are segmented
C.that they are multicellular
D.that they are not ancestral, i.e. animals are a polyphyletic group

A

Which of the following traits is unique to deuterostome animals?
A.A coelom
B.Bilateral symmetry
C.Mouth formation on the end of embryos opposite the blastopore
D.A nervous system

C

All of the following are major stages of animal development except
A.cleavage.
B.fertilization.
C.inversion.
D.gastrulation.
E.organogenesis

C

The head of a sperm is capped with an organelle that contains glycoprotein-digesting enzymes. This organelle is the
A.zona pellucida.
B.acrosome.
C.granulosa.
D.neural cap

B

The period of rapid division in which the embryo does not increase in overall size is called
A.syngamy.
B.cleavage.
C.neurulation.
d.meiosis.

B

The cleavage pattern is influenced by the amount of \__________ and its distribution in the egg.
A.albumen
B.yolk
C.shell
D.mRNA

B

In your group: All of the following are features representing blastulation except
A.each cell is in contact with a different set of neighboring cells.
B.some blastomeres are larger than the others and thus not equivalent.
C.differentiation into notochord and the hollow nerve chord takes place.
D.different blastomeres receive different components of the egg cytoplasm.
E.some blastomeres may divide slower than others depending on the amount of yolk.

C

In your group: Working in an experimental fertility clinic, a researcher removes one cell in an 8-cell stage chimpanzee embryo. What is the likely result?
A.Both the cell and the blastula will die.
B.All the cells are already committed and therefore are not viable.
C.The embryo from which the cell was removed still remains viable and can form a normal chimp.
D.The single cell will die in the absence of the others.
E.The result will depend on whether or not fertilization had occurred earlier.

C

In your group: In humans, identical twins are possible because \_____.
A.cytoplasmic determinants are distributed unevenly in unfertilized eggs
B.extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus
C.early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated
D.the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells

C

In your group: If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then \_____.
A.cleavage would not occur in the zygote
B.embryonic germ layers would not form
C.the blastula would not be formed
D.the blastopore would form above the gray crescent in the animal pole

B

In your group: The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of \_____.
A.the lip of the blastopore in the frog
B.the archenteron in a frog
C.the notochord in a mammal
D.neural crest cells in a mammal

A

In mammals, the embryonic cells form an inner cell mass that will become the body of the embryo, and a layer of surrounding cells called the \_________, which becomes part of the placenta.
A.blastocoel
B.yolk
C.blastodisc
D.trophoblast

D

Which of the following statements about the umbilical cord is false?
A.It contains blood vessels from the embryo
B.It contains blood vessels from the mother
C.It is derived from the allantois
D.It joins the placenta and the embryo
E.It carries nutrients and wastes

B

In your group: In all vertebrate animals, development requires \_____.
A.a large supply of yolk
B.an aqueous environment
C.extraembryonic membranes
D.a primitive streak

B

In mammals there are enzymes located in the acrosome that enables a sperm to tunnel its way through the
A.blastula to the egg's plasma membrane
B.zona pellucida to the egg's plasma membrane
C.archenteron to the egg's plasma membrane
D.chorion to the egg's plasma membrane.

B

The function of cortical granules is to
A.create a fertilization envelope
B.stimulate egg mitosis
C.determine the ventral surface of embryo
D.form the blastocoel

A

The large amount of yolk in birds' eggs results in
A.incomplete cleavage
B.complete cleavage
C.fewer, smaller cells in vegetal pole
D.a blastocyst

A

At what stage of animal development do cells first move from the surface of the embryo into the interior, resulting in a two- or three-layered embryo?
A.zygote formation
B.blastulation
C.neurulation
D.gastrulation
E.metamorphosis

D

Which of the cells below develop into a human embryo?
A.Trophoblast
B.Extraembryonic
C.Inner cell mass
D.Blastcoel

C

Mesoderm
A.is located on the outside of the embryo
B.contains mostly totipotent cells
C.is located between endoderm and ectoderm
D.is found in the blastula

C

After gastrulation, mesodermal cells contribute to the developing
A.brain
B.skeletal system and muscles
C.inner lining of gut
D.nerves

B

What does not normally happen during gastrulation?
A.Three embryonic germ layers are established
B.A cavity forms inside the developing embryo that will become the primitive gut
C.The embryo increases dramatically in size
D.Embryonic germ layers begin to be committed toward distinct developmental fates
E.Cell migrations are a prominent feature of this developmental stage

C

Which embryonic germ layer has as one of its fates to become brain and nervous system
A.Mesoderm
B.Archenteron
C.Endoderm
D.Ectoderm

D

Group Question: It's possible that radial symmetry is not the ancestral condition for cnidarians, but rather that they originally had bilateral symmetry and then reverted to radial symmetry, similar to adult echinoderms. A taxonomic grouping called Bilateralacea, that included both (and only) cnidarians and echinoderms would be considered.
A.paraphyletic
B.monophyletic
C.polyphyletic
D.biphyletic

C

Group Question: From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?
A.first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction
B.cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → first cell division
C.cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins
D.acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → first cell division

D

Group Question: During metamorphosis, a tadpoles tail is reduced in size by the process of \_____.
A.Regeneration
B.Apoptosis
C.oxidative phosphorylation
D.re-differentiation

B

Group Question: Which of the following is a correct description of the fate of the germ layers?
A.The mesoderm gives rise to the notochord.
B.The endoderm gives rise to the hair follicles.
C.The ectoderm gives rise to the liver.
D.The mesoderm gives rise to the lungs.

A

Group Question: An embryo with meroblastic cleavage, extraembryonic membranes, and a primitive streak must be that of \_____.
A.an insect
B.an amphibian
C.a bird
D.a sea urchin

C

Select the incorrectly matched germ layer and its developmental tissue fate.
A.ectoderm—lining of the digestive tract
B.ectoderm—epidermis
C.mesoderm—blood vessels
D.mesoderm—gonads
E.endoderm—lining of the respiratory tract

A

Place the following developmental events in their proper chronological sequence: (1) formation of the neural tube, (2) movement of neural folds, and (3) thickening of neural ectoderm
A.1,2,3
B.2,1,3
C.3,1,2
D.3,2,1

D

The \__________ eventually develop into vertebrae, ribs, and muscles and are found along the sides of the \__________.
A.somites; notochord
B.neural tube cells; notochord
C.blastopore cells; dorsal lip
D.neural crest cells; dorsal lip

A

Proteins in the egg cytoplasm that play a role in directing embryonic development are called
A.polar proteins
B.cytoplasmic determinants
C.transcription factors
D.somites

B/C

If the blastopore dorsal lip is grafted from one frog embryo onto a second embryo, the second dorsal lip will
A.change the polarity of the adjacent segments.
B.block gastrulation.
C.change the developmental fate of the surrounding cells.
D.change the prospective potency of the surrounding cells.

C

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal?
A.Sponges
B.Sea urchin
C.Jellyfish
D.Choanoflagellates

D

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a roundworm than it is to an flatworm?
A.It has a coelom.
B.It has no segmentation.
C.It is shaped like a worm.
D.It has a mouth and an anus

A

Among these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction and development is \_____.
A.located near the animal pole
B.located near the vegetal pole
C.found within the cleavage furrow
D.distributed equally throughout the embryo

B

Meroblastic cleavage occurs in \_____.
A.sea urchins, but not in humans or birds
B.humans, but not in sea urchins or birds
C.birds, but not in sea urchins or humans
D.both sea urchins and birds, but not in humans

C

In your group: When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of \_____.
A.catalytic feedback
B.positive feedback
C.negative feedback
D.protein-protein interactions

C

An animal whose internal temperature rises linearly with increases in ambient temperature is most likely
A.dead
B.an ectotherm
C.an endotherm
D.a heterotherm
E. a homeotherm

B

In response to a 10°C rise in environmental temperature, an endotherm's body temperature will
A.rise at a constant rate
B.fall at a constant rate
C.remain relatively constant
D.fall to a point, then become stable
E.double

C

In your group: Which of the following animals most likely uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?
A.a marine jelly (an invertebrate) living deep in the ocean
B.a snake in a tropical forest
C.a shark swimming in the open ocean
D.a bird living year round in a desert

D

In your group: Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources
A.Shivering
B.Torpor
C.Hibernation
D.burrowing into soil

B

In your group: Which of the following is most likely supported by the study done on the chipmunk?
A.Stimulating the hypothalamus, which controls hunger, encouraged the chipmunk to eat more and thus raise its metabolic rate
B.Cooling the hypothalamus induced the chipmunk to increase its metabolic rate and thus increase its body temperature
C.Cooling the hypothalamus induced the chipmunk to enter torpor, a form of temporary hibernation, in order to save calories
D.Stimulating the hypothalamus changed the circadian rhythm of the chipmunk thus lowering its metabolic rate

B

In an environment with an ambient temperature lower than an animal's core body temperature, which of the following would be an inappropriate physiological or behavioral response if the animal needed to eliminate excess body heat?
A.Wallowing in a pool of water
B.Preventing blood flow to peripheral vessels
C.Sweating
D.Moving to the shade

B

A high school cross-country runner follows her coach's rule about drinking water regularly and is well hydrated. She overheats, however, and collapses. The paramedics that come to her aid will
A.have a hard time starting an intravenous line because the blood vessels in her skin are constricted
B.will have a hard time treating her because she will be shivering violently to regulate her temperature
C.most likely give her an aspirin to lower her body temperature
D.have an easy time starting an intravenous line because the blood vessels in her skin are dilated

D

In your group: Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The \_____ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the \_____ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
A.elephant; mouse
B.elephant; human
C.human; penguin
D.mouse; snake

A

Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of \_____.
A.conduction
B.convection
C.radiation
D.evaporation

D

If your body is too warm, it will
A.constrict blood vessels
B.dilate blood vessels
C.cause muscles to shiver
D.both A and C
E.None of the above

B

Which of the following statements is not true about endotherms?
A.Endotherms can regulate their body temperature by producing heat metabolically
B.Endotherms can regulate their body temperature by mobilizing active mechanisms of heat loss
C.Endotherms respond to cold by producing heat
D.Endotherms depend largely on outside sources of heat

D

In the cool morning, a desert lizard crawls from its burrow and positions itself on a rock warmed by the mid-morning sun. Which of the following is most likely not one of its responses?
A.Orientation to the sun to maximize exposure to solar radiation
B.Increased metabolic heat production
C.increased physical contact between the warm rock and the relatively cool lizard
D.Orientation on the rock into more suitable microenvironments to avoid cold air currents

B

There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in \_____.
A.very cold environments
B.very hot environments
C.environments with a constant food source
D.environments with variable and limited food sources

D

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?
A.feathers or fur
B.Vasoconstriction
C.wind blowing across the body surface
D.blubber or fat layer

C

\______________ are used for respiration by terrestrial insects.
A.Gills
B.Moist skin surfaces
C.Lungs
D.Tracheal tubes

D

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize \_____.
A.blood pressure
B.diffusion
C.active transport
osmosis

B

In the countercurrent exchange in a fish's gills, the oxygen concentration is always \_______ in the blood than the water along the entire pathway of each lamella.
A.higher
B.lower
C.the same
D.varies depending on the time of year

B

Which of these animals only uses positive pressure breathing?
A.amphibians
B.reptiles
C.birds
D.mammals

A