Carbon Dioxide Transport, Bicarbonate & Haldane Effect
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What are the three major ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood?
Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate.
About what fraction of CO₂ is transported dissolved in plasma?
About 7–10%.
About what fraction of CO₂ is transported bound to hemoglobin?
About 20–23%.
About what fraction of CO₂ is transported as bicarbonate?
About 70%.
What enzyme rapidly converts CO₂ and water to carbonic acid in red blood cells?
Carbonic anhydrase.
What is the main reaction for bicarbonate formation?
CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
Where is most bicarbonate produced?
Inside red blood cells.
Why is hemoglobin important in CO₂ transport besides carrying oxygen?
It can bind CO₂ and buffer H⁺.
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
Hemoglobin with CO₂ bound to the globin portion.
Does CO₂ bind to the iron in hemoglobin the way O₂ does?
No. CO₂ binds to amino groups on the globin, not to iron.
What is the chloride shift?
Exchange of HCO₃⁻ out of the red blood cell for Cl⁻ into the cell in systemic capillaries.
What happens to the chloride shift in the lungs?
It reverses so bicarbonate can re-enter red blood cells and be converted back to CO₂.
In the lungs, what happens to bicarbonate-derived CO₂?
It diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaled.
What is the Haldane effect?
Deoxygenated hemoglobin binds CO₂ more readily than oxygenated hemoglobin.
Why is the Haldane effect useful in tissues?
Low oxygen in tissues helps hemoglobin pick up more CO₂.
Why is the Haldane effect useful in lungs?
High oxygen in lungs reduces hemoglobin’s affinity for CO₂, helping release it for exhalation.