Biochemical energy production

Metabolism

Sum total of all biochemical reactions that takes place in a living organism

Catabolism

Large biochemical molecules are broken down to smaller ones usually releases energy.

Anabolism

Small biochemical molecules joined together to form larger ones; usually requires energy.

Metabolic Pathway

Consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product.

Linear metabolic pathway

Series of reactions that generates a final product

Cyclic metabolic pathway

Series of reactions that regenerate the first reactant.

Prokaryotic

Cells that have no nucleus and are found only in bacteria.

Eukaryotic

A cell in which the DNA is found in a membrane enclosed nucleus.

Cytoplasm

Water-based material of a eukaryotic cell that lies between the nucleus and the outer membrane of the cell.

Organelle

Minute structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that carries out a specific cellular function.

Cytosol

Fluid part of the cytoplasm of a cell

Lysosome

Organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes needed for cellular rebuilding, repair, and degradation.

Mitochondrion

Responsible for the generation of most of the energy of the cell.

Outer membrane

Membrane of the mitochondria which is 50% lipid and 50% protein; freely permeable.

Inner membrane

Membrane of the mitochondria which is about 20% lipid and 80% protein; highly impermeable.

Phosphoanhydride bonds

Chemical bond formed when two phosphate groups react with each other and a water molecule is produced.

what bond is a Phosphate-ribose bond

Phosphoester bond

What bond is a phosphate-phosphate bond?

Phosphoanhydride bond

Strained bonds

Reactive bonds that is the basis for the net energy production that accompanies hydrolysis.

Uridine triphosphate (UTP)

Nitrogen containing bases associated with nucleotides that are present in triphosphate form that is involved in Carbohydrate Metabolism

Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)

Nitrogen containing bases associated with nucleotides that are present in triphosphate form that is involved in Protein and carbohydrate metabolism

Cystidine triphosphate

Nitrogen containing bases associated with nucleotides that are present in triphosphate form that is involved in Lipid metabolism

Myosin and actin filament proteins

Important structural component in muscles

Muscle contraction

a process of which thin filaments (actin) slide inwards between thick filaments (myosin)

Ca²+ ions and ATP molecules

Key substances that must be present for muscle contraction to occur.

Reduction

Addition of atom

Oxidation

Loss of atom

Flavin and ribitol

what subunits constitute the vitamin b of FAD/FADH₂

Nicotinamide

Vitamin b present in NAD⁺/NADH

Coenzyme A (CoA-SH)

A derivative of the B vitamin Pantothenic Acid

Sulfhydryl group (-SH group)

Active portion of Coenzyme A

Acetyl group

Portion of an acetic acid molecule that remains after -OH group is removed from the carboxyl carbon atom

Thioester

A bond that bonds the acetyl group to CoA-SH

Coenzyme A (H-S-CoA)

Intermediate produced when acetyl-s-CoA transfers an acetyl group.

Succinic Acid

The 3 caroboxylate Ions derived from ____ that all contains four carbon atoms, and all have a charge of -2

Keto and carboxyhydroxy

what are the derivatives of Glutaric acid

Hydroxy, keto, and unsaturated

what are the derivatives of Succinic Acid?

a-Ketoglutarate ion

Carboxyhydroxy derivative that is a 5 carbon species that possesses a 2- charge

Citrate ion

Carboxyhydroxy ion that is a 6 carbon that possesses a 3- charge

High-energy compound

Compound that has a greater free energy of hydrolysis than that of a typical compound.

Stage 1

Stages of biochemical energy production

Digestion - continues in the stomach - completed in the small intestines

Stage 2

Stages of biochemical energy production

• Acetyl group formation

• small molecules from digestion are further oxidized during this stage

• Primary products:

  • Two carbon acetyl unit

  • Reduced coenzyme NADH

Stage 3

Stages of biochemical energy production

• Citric acid cycle

• Occurs inside the mitochondria

• Acetyl groups are oxidized to produce CO₂ and energy

• CO₂ that is exhaled as part of the breathing process comes primarily from this stage

Stage 4

Stages of biochemical energy production

• Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

• Occurs inside the mitochondria

• NADH and FADH₂ supply the “fuel” needed for the production of ATP molecules.

• Inhaled via breathing, is converted to H₂O in this stage

Common metabolic pathway

Sum total of the biochemical reactions of the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation.

3 & 4

what stages are the same for all types of food in biochemical energy production?

Citric acid cycle

Series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzymes FADH₂ and NADH are produced.

Step 1

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

• Formation of Citrate

• Two parts to the reaction

  • Condensation of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to form citryl CoA

  • Hydrolysis of thioester bond in citryl CoA to produce CoA-SH and citrate.

• Enzyme catalyzed in both parts is Citrate synthase

Step 2

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

• Formation of Isocitrate

• Citrate is converted to its less symmetrical Isomer Isocitrate in an isomerization process that involves a dehydration followed by a hydration

• Both catalyzed by the enzyme Aconitase

Step 3

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

• Oxidation of isocitrate and formation of CO₂

• this step involves oxidation and decarboxylation

• Enzyme involved is Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Step 4

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

• Oxidation of a-Ketoglutarate and formation of CO₂

• Catalyst is a three-enzyme system called a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

• there are 3 products

  • CO₂, NADH, an the C₄ species succinyl CoA

Step 5

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

• Thioester bond cleavage in succinyl CoA and Phosphorylation of GDP

• Two reactant molecules are involved:

  • P_i (HPO₄^2-) and GDP (Guanosine Diphosphate)

• The entire reaction is catalyzed by Succinyl-CoA synthetase

Step 6

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

• Oxidation of Succinate

• Third oxidation reaction of the cycle

• Enzyme involved is Succinate dehydrogenase

• Oxidizing agent is FAD

Step 7

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

• Hydration of Fumarate

• Enzyme Fumarase catalyzes the addition of water to the trans double bond of fumarate

Step 8

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

• Oxidation of L-Malate to Regenerate Oxaloacetate

• Forth oxidation reaction of the cycle

• NAD⁺ reacts with malate, picking up two hydrogen atoms to form NADH+ H⁺

• The needed enzyme is Malate dehydrogenase

3, 4, 6, 8

Reaction of the citric acid cycle

Steps in where oxidation occurs

Acetyl CoA

Citric Acid Cycle

The fuel for the cycle, obtained from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

NAD+ (three times) or FAD (once)

Citric Acid Cycle

What is the oxidizing agent of the four steps of the cycle that involves oxidation reduction.

NAD+

Citric Acid Cycle

In redox reactions, what is the oxidizing agent when a carbon-oxygen double bond if formed?

FAD

In redox reactions, what is the oxidizing agent when a carbon-carbon double bond if formed?

Riboflavin, Nicotinamide, Pantothenic Acid, and Thiamin

Citric Acid Cycle

What are the 4 B vitamins that are necessary for the proper functioning of the cycle?