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Organ
Two or more types of tissues grouped together and performing specialized functions constitute an organ
Integumentary System
The skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, glands, sensory receptors) make up the integumentary system
Epidermis
Outer layer of the skin, composed of startified squamous epithelium, resting on a basement membrane
Dermis
Deeper layer of the skin, thicker than the epidermis, composed of connective tissue containing collagenous and elastic fibers
Subcutaneous Layer
Layer beneath the dermis, consisting of areolar and adipose connective tissue, not considered part of the skin but contains blood vessels that supply the skin
Keratinization
Process of hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation in epidermal cells as they migrate outward
Keratin
Tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in the cells of the epidermis
Stratum Corneum
Outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead, keratinized cells
Stratum Basale
Deepest layer of the epidermis, also known as the basal cell layer, containing cuboidal or columnar cells that divide and grow
Melanocytes
Cells located in the stratum basale that produce the dark pigment melanin, which absorbs UV light and provides skin color
Melanin
Pigment determining skin color
Albinos
Individuals lacking melanin
UV Light
Radiation affecting skin color
Carotene
Pigment from diet affecting skin color
Cyanosis
Bluish skin from low oxygenation
Vasodilation
Widening of blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
Constriction of blood vessels
Jaundice
Yellowing of skin from liver issues
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Skin cancer from epithelial cells
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Skin cancer from epithelial cells
Melanomas
Skin cancer from melanocytes
Dermal Papillae
Structures binding epidermis and dermis
Papillary Layer
Superficial dermis layer with areolar tissue
Reticular Layer
Deeper dermis layer with dense tissue
Hair Follicles
Structures producing hair on skin
Nails
Protective coverings on fingers and toes
Hair Bulb
Base of hair follicle with dividing cells
Hair Root
Part of hair follicle anchoring hair
Hair Shaft
Visible part of hair made of dead cells
Arrector Pili Muscle
Muscle causing goosebumps
Sebaceous Glands
Glands producing sebum for skin and hair
Acne Vulgaris
Sebaceous gland disorder causing acne
Sweat Glands
Glands producing sweat for body temperature regulation
Evaporation
Process where sweat changes into a gas, carrying heat away
Thermoreceptors
Sensory receptors detecting changes in temperature
Hyperthermia
Abnormally high body temperature causing weakness and dizziness
Hypothermia
Abnormally low body temperature leading to confusion and lethargy
Shivering
Involuntary muscle contractions to generate heat
Homeostasis
Body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions
Vasodilation Collapse
Extreme widening of blood vessels leading to potential cardiovascular failure
Fever
Elevated body temperature to fight infection
Inflammation
Body's response to injury, restricting infection spread
Phagocytes
Cells that engulf and digest pathogens
Pyrogens
Substances causing fever by raising the body's set point
Healing Process
Series of events including clot formation, tissue repair, and scar formation
Scar Formation
Excess collagen fibers forming an elevated mass after wound healing
Burn Classification
Categorization based on the depth and severity of skin damage
Rule of Nines
Method to estimate extent of burn injuries for treatment planning
Aging Effects on Skin
Changes like thinning, dryness, and decreased sensory receptors
Melanin Production
Process slowing down with age, leading to whitening of hair
Vitamin D Production
Decreases with age due to reduced sun exposure