taxonomy

Gestalt

German word for “the way the thing is”

taxonomy

• trying to explain the differences

• find the characteristic of an animal and trying to define it

• communicate to others

why is taxonomy useful?

can compare unknown species to known species to see if it is defined or new

more characteristics means

the more you can taxonomise it

Aristotle 335 BC

plant vs. animals

Haeckel 1866

plantae, Animalia, protistia

Whittaker 1969

plantae, animalia, protistia, fungi, Monera

Woese 1977

bacteria, archaea, eukaryota

what are the 3 major divisions of life (domains)

1. bacteria

2. archaea

3. eukarya

what is taxonomy

the organization of life (organizing, describing, communicating, identifying)

what is systematics?

• method of taxonomy

• based on common ancestry

• evolution based taxonomy

what is the thing that gives all humans value?

the image of God

image of God is

theological

humans is the

common name

homo sapiens

scientific name

Neanderthals

• meaning valley

• common name

H. neanderthalons

scientific name

Homo florsiensis imply what?

• lived on an island→ needed boat

• shows creativity, opposable thumbs, tool building, intellect

who are the Denisovans?

another genetic lineage of humans

what makes a human a human according to taxonomy?

• shoulder-arm joint that allows people to throw overhand

• chins

why do we have wisdom teeth?

• started eating cooked meat instead of just nuts and berries and raw meat

• jaw became smaller

• over crowding of teeth and jaw exposed (chin)

what is natural selection focused on?

• the ability to reproduce

• it doesn’t care about quality of life

the longer the lineage…

the more damage that exists in the genes

if you extract DNA from genome what will you find?

H. sapiens DNA

what is taxonomy?

the classification of life

what does taxonomy entail?

• identification

• classification

• description

why do humans have an innate fear of snakes and spiders?

• this was a mutation that occurred and carried on

• the body appreciated it being there as these creatures had no benefit to humans

• but they could cause damage

• danger insurance so to speak

Aristotle 335 BC

• Historia Animalium

• dolphins→ mammals→ produce milk, young in uterus with placenta

John Ray 1686

• Historia Plantarum

• species are something that descends from its parents

why were people grumpy about John Ray’s theory?

• caterpillar will turn into butterfly but produce caterpillar later

• sometimes comes out as tiny wasps

Carolus Linnaues 1735

• systema naturae

• life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

• boiled it down to 2 names

• a genus and species name

essentialism

something about it, essential something to the species

species fixity

the essence of a species seems to be unchanging (ex. they live in their original place)

• species do change…

what is biological species concept?

population of interbreeding individuals making a reproducible individual

who invented the BSC?

• Theodosius Dobzhansky

• Ernst Mayr

accordion the the BSC, if they can interbreed then…

same species

what is a big problem with the BSC?

• you can have mixed breeds

• tiger and lions can mate

what are the criticisms of BSC?

• can’t use this theory on fossils or asexual organisms

• only really works for invertebrates

• species are arbitrarily defined

what is the phylogenetic species concept?

• the species are the terminal nodes

• zoom in until it goes clear then blurry

who created the phylogenetic species concept?

Joel Cracraft

what is a species?

would have behavioral and physical differences

aspects of genetics

1. morphology

2. behavior

3. geography

what is a major reason that tigers and lions don’t interbreed?

geography! they don’t live in the same habitats

how do you define if something is made in the image of God?

• has a soul

• difficult to tell from physical characteristics

  • can tell form behavior, artifacts, morality

what are some things that give indication of the image of God?

• education

• worship

• technology

why is it almost impossible to irradiate age related illness?

you have already passed this gene onto your offspring at this point

what is the most genetically diverse people group in the world?

san tribe in africa

what are the major human species

• Homo sapiens

• Homo neanderthalons

what are some things that imply that H. Neanderthals are made in the image of God?

• made a flute from cave bear bone

• burial sites (often had flowers)

• art on wall

• 70 year old man died in cave

what is significant about H. neanderthals having burial sites?

• implies thought to afterlife

• respect for people

• recognizing value of life