Spring Final Exam Review

Flashcards for Chapters 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15

Corpus Callosum

Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates communication between them.

Cerebellum Function

Coordinates voluntary movements, posture, and balance.

Interneuron Function

Relays signals between sensory and motor neurons within the spinal cord and brain.

Ganglia

Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messenger that transmits signals across a synapse between neurons.

Brain Area for Speech

Broca's area (frontal lobe) and Wernicke's area (temporal lobe) are responsible for speech production and comprehension, respectively.

Hypothalamus Function

Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and hormone release.

Medulla Oblongata Function

Controls vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

Erythrocyte Production Control

Erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys, controls the rate of erythrocyte (red blood cell) production.

Clotting Protein

Fibrinogen is the protein that coagulates to form a clot.

Agglutination

Clumping of particles, such as red blood cells, due to the interaction of antibodies and antigens.

Coagulation

The process of blood clotting, involving a cascade of enzymatic reactions.

Clotting Factors Synthesis

The liver synthesizes many clotting factors.

Hemolysis

The rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

Rh Sensitization Prevention

RhoGAM (Rh immunoglobulin) is used to prevent sensitization to Rh antigens in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fetuses.

Systemic Circulation

The circulation of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart.

Myocardium Nourishment

Coronary arteries nourish the myocardium with oxygenated blood.

SA Node

The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating the electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat.

Veins' Backflow Prevention

Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood.

Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae Function

Return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart.

Digestive Organs Blood Drainage

The hepatic portal vein drains the digestive organs of blood for transport to the liver.

Lungs' Serous Membrane Layers

The pleura consists of the visceral pleura (covering the lungs) and the parietal pleura (lining the thoracic cavity).

Respiratory Zone

The respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

External Respiration

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood.

Carbon Dioxide Dissolved in Water

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is formed when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water.

Respiratory and Breathing Rates Control

The medulla oblongata and pons control respiratory and breathing rates.

Alveolar Surfaces Lipid Molecule

Surfactant is a lipid molecule critical to lung function at the alveolar surfaces, reducing surface tension.

Collapsed Lung

Pneumothorax is a collapsed lung.

Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood Plasma

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) are the most common way carbon dioxide is transported in blood plasma.

Hydrochloric Acid on Pepsinogen

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) converts pepsinogen into its active form, pepsin.

Small Intestine Ends

The pyloric sphincter designates the proximal end, and the ileocecal valve designates the distal end of the small intestine.

Small Intestine Functions

Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Mastication Purpose

To break down food into smaller pieces and mix it with saliva to begin the digestive process.

Food Movement Along Digestive Tract

Peristalsis is the process that moves food along the digestive tract.

Digestion Control

Primarily controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Pancreatic Juice Constituents

Enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease) and bicarbonate.

Peyer's Patches Function

Lymphoid nodules in the small intestine that function in immune surveillance.

Intrinsic Factor Importance

Necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

Rugae

Folds in the stomach lining that allow it to expand.

Complement Fixation

An immune response in which antigen-antibody complexes activate complement proteins, leading to cell lysis.

Spleen Function

Filters blood, stores platelets, and removes damaged blood cells.

Body's First Line of Defense

Skin and mucous membranes.

Interferons

Proteins produced by virus-infected cells that interfere with viral replication and activate immune cells.

Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response.

Killer T Cells

Cytotoxic T cells.

Adaptive Defense System Function

Recognizes and targets specific pathogens and provides long-term immunity.

Humoral Immunity Provision

Provided by antibodies produced by plasma cells.

Plasma Cells in Humoral Immunity

Secrete antibodies that bind to antigens and mark them for destruction.

Foreign Blood Type Transfusion Result

Agglutination and hemolysis of red blood cells.

Kidney's Functional Unit

Nephron.

Filtrate Capture

Bowman's capsule.

Filtrate Contents

Water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and nitrogenous wastes.

Trigone

Triangular region of the urinary bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra.

Urethral Sphincters

Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary control) and external urethral sphincter (voluntary control).

Thirst Mechanism

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in blood osmolarity.

Hypothalamus Cells Reacting to Blood

Osmoreceptors.

Capillary Bed Surrounding Renal Tubule

Peritubular capillaries.

Angiotensin II in Blood Pressure Regulation

Causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone.

Urinary Bladder Expansion

Transitional epithelium.

Renal Hilum

The concave area of the kidney where blood vessels and the ureter enter and exit.

Aorta Extension Bringing Blood to Kidneys

Renal artery.

Male Urethra Functions

Transport urine and semen.

Water-Soluble Hormones Action

Second messenger system.

Body's Major Metabolic Hormone

Thyroxine (T4).

Iodine Importance

Required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Kidneys Enzyme to Stimulate Aldosterone

Renin.

Hormone Decreasing Blood Glucose Levels

Insulin.

Endocrine Gland Close to Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland.

Fight or Flight Hormone

Epinephrine (adrenaline).

Alcohol Causing Dehydration

Inhibits the release of ADH.

Mineralocorticoids and Regulation

Regulate electrolyte (sodium and potassium) and water balance.

Male Sex Hormones

Androgens (testosterone).

Beta and Alpha Cells Function

Beta cells secrete insulin, and alpha cells secrete glucagon.

Melatonin Function

Regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Hormone Allowing T-Cells Immunocompetency

Thymosin.

Tropic Hormones Function

Stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones.

Hypothalamus Releasing/Inhibiting Hormones

Regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

Testes Function

produce sperm and testosterone.

Prostate Location

Surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder.

Prostate Function

Secretes a fluid that contributes to semen volume and enhances sperm viability.

Sperm Activation

Seminal fluid from the seminal vesicles.

Fallopian Tubes Function

Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus, and site of fertilization.

Endometrium Function

The inner lining of the uterus; it thickens to prepare for implantation of a fertilized egg and is shed during menstruation if fertilization does not occur.

Estrogen Effects

Promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, regulates the menstrual cycle, and supports pregnancy.

Oxytocin Effect

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding.