bio honors ch. 6+7 (cellular respiration and photosynthesis)

photosynthesis equation

6CO(2) + 6H2O = C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)

cellular respiration equation

C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) = 6CO(2) + 6H2O

reactants of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide and water

products of photosynthesis

glucose and oxygen

reactants of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide and water

two main events of photosynthesis

light reactions and calvin cycle

reactants of light dependent reactions

water, ADP, NADP+

products of light dependent reactions

oxygen, ATP, NADPH

byproduct of light dependent reactions

oxygen (released by water splitting)

molecule reduced during light dependent reactions

NADP+ (becomes NADPH)

three stages of the calvin cycle (in order)

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration

reactants of the calvin cycle

CO2, ATP, NADPH

products of the calvin cycle

G3P, ADP, NADP+

molecule oxidized during the calvin cycle

NADPH (becomes NADP+)

why does the calvin cycle normally slow down during dark

it is dependent on the light reactions

sugar made from carbon dioxide in the calvin cycle

G3P

pigment in plants that processes light energy

chlorophyll

where light dependent reactions take place

the thylakoid membrane (or grana) of chloroplasts

where the calvin cycle takes place

the stroma (thick fluid inside the chloroplasts)

the role of RuBP/rubisco

helps to form 3-PGA in carbon fixation

carbon fixation

when carbon from CO2 is fixed to inorganic compounds

reduction

where 3-PGA molecules are converted into G3P by gaining electrons from NADPH

regeneration

the final stage where molecules of G3P are rearranged and recycled to reform RuBP allowing the cycle to continue

redox reactions

where electrons are transferred between reactants, with one substance losing electrons (oxidizing) while another gains electrons (reducing) simultaneously

three main events in cellular respiration

glycolysis, krebs/citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis

first step of cellular respiration where glucose molecules (6-carbons each) are split to form two molecules of pyruvate (3-carbons each) in the cytoplasm of cells; anaerobic process

krebs cycle

second step of cellular respiration where acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to generate citric acid, which then undergoes further oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix of cells; aerobic process

molecules produced during krebs cycle

CO2 (waste product), ATP, NADH, FADH2

gross and net ATPS produced in glycolysis

gross- 4, net- 2

amount of molecules produced in the krebs cycle

one turn: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

full cycle: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

oxidative phosphorylation

the last step of cellular respiration where electrons are passed along the electron transport chain, causing H+ to be pumped across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a gradient, driving the synthesis of ATP through the ATP synthase

chemiosmosis

the process where hydrogen ions (protons) move across the mitochondrial membrane down their concentration gradient

alcholic fermentation

a type of anaerobic respiration where (usually) yeast converts sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide, producing a small amount of ATP

lactic acid fermentation

a type of anaerobic respiration where glucose is converted into lactic acid to produce a small amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen, primarily occurring in muscle cells during intense exercise and certain bacteria

reactants/products for each step of cellular respiration

Glycolysis (cytoplasm):

• Reactants: Glucose, ATP, NAD+ 

• Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH 

Krebs Cycle (mitochondrial matrix):

• Reactants: Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD, ADP

• Products: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, FADH2 

Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane):

• Reactants: NADH, FADH2, Oxygen

• Products: Water, ATP 

energy carrier molecules in cellular respiration

NADH and FADH2

the final electron acceptor and why it is important

oxygen, which allows for the continuous flow of electrons through the chain, enabling the generation of a proton gradient (without oxygen the chain would become clogged and ATP production would cease, making aerobic respiration impossible)

why the H+ gradient is important

it stores potential energy that is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP

phosphorylation

the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, in the context of cellular energy, it refers to the creation of ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP

remember this

also this one

and this too

energy is released from ATP when

the bond is broken between two phosphate groups

how is oxygen released

as a byproduct of splitting water molecules

which stage produces the most ATP

chemiosmosis/etc