BIOL 2130 Chapter 2

Voytek - Anatomy and Physiology

Matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

Matter may be changed physically:

changes do not alter the basic nature of substance

Matter may be changed chemically:

changes alter the chemical composition of a substance

Energy

the ability to do work, has no mass and cannot take up space

Kinetic Energy

energy that is doing work (movement)

Potential energy

energy is inactive or stored

Chemical Energy

derived from food is tored in the chemical bonds of ATP

ATP

adenosine triphosphate (chemical energy used by all cells)

Elements

fundamental units of all matter and cannot be broken down into smaller units

Oxygen

Essential for cellular respiration and the production of ATP

Carbon

Primary element in all organic molecules

Hydrogen

As a charged particle (ion) functions in pH of body fluids

Nitrogen

A major component of proteins and nucleic acids

96% of the body is made up of these 4 elements

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Calcium

–essential for muscle contraction, nerve conduction blood clotting

Phosphorus

present in bones, nucleic acids, proteins, ATP

Potassium

necessary for nerve conduction and muscle contraction; major intracellular cation

Sulfur

major component in proteins

Sodium

necessary for nerve conduction, muscle contraction and water balance; major extracellular cation

Chlorine

major extracellular anion

Magnesium

acts as a cofactor for enzyme activity

Iodine

necessary for the production of thyroid hormones

Iron

a component in red blood cells necessary for the transport of oxygen

Atoms

Building blocks of all elements, Each atom is unique and different from every other atom

Protons

Subatomic particle that is found within the nucleus with positive charge

Neutrons

Subatomic particle that is found within the nucleus with an uncharged or neutral charge

Electrons

orbit the nucleus and are negatively charged

Number of protons

equals the number of electons

Ions

atoms that have lost (cation) or gained (anion) electrons

Atomic symbol

chemical shorthand for each element (C, Na)

Atomic Number

equal to the number of protons in the atoms nucleus

Atomic Mass

sum of protons and neutrons contained in an atoms nucleus

Isotopes

structural variations within an atom

Atomic Weight

close to the mass number of the most abundant isotope

Radioisotopes

heavier isotopes that tend to be unstable and eject particles with certain amount of energy, which can be tracked

Molecule

two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically

Compound

two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically to form a molecule of a compound

Outermost valence shell

holds 2 electrons

Rest of the valence shells

can hold up to 8 electrons

Ionic Bonds

Forms when valence electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another, this allows atoms to achieve stability through a transfer

Covalent Bonds

a chemical link formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Nonpolar molecule

Electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecule

Polar molecule

Electrons are not shared equally between the atoms of the molecule

Hydrogen Bond

a weak chemical bond when hydrogen (positive pole) is attracted to the negative portion

Synthesis Reaction

Smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules

Decomposition Reaction

bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules

Exchange Reaction

bonds are both made and broken

Most chemical reactions -

are reversible and there are 4 factors

Inorganic Compounds

lack carbon and tend to be small simple molecules (water, salts, and some acids/bases)

Organic Compounds

contain carbon, large covalently bonded molecules that include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc.

Solvents

liquid or gases that dissolve or suspended by solvents

Solutes

solids, liquids, or gases that are dissolved or suspended by solvents

Solution

form when solutes are very tiny

Colloid

forms when solutes of intermediate size form a translucent mixture

Dehydration Reaction

organic reactions that release water

Hydrolosis Reaction

organic reactions that require water

Cushioning

water that is used as a protective function (amniotic fluid protecting a developing fetus)

Salts

contains cations that easily break apart into ions in the presence of water (vital to many body functions)

Acids

releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, proton donors

Bases

releases hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water, proton acceptors

Neutralization Reaction

type of exchange reaction in which acids and bases react to form water and a salt

Polymers

chainlike molecules made of many similar repeating units called monomers (carbs, proteins)

Dehydration Synthesis

monomers are joined to form polymers through the removal of water molecules

Hydrolysis

polymers are broken down into monomers through the addition of water molecules

Carbohydrates

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include simple sugars, starches and glycogen

Monosaccharides

single-chain simple sugars that contain 3-7 carbon atoms (glucose, fructose, ribose)

Disaccharides

two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis (lactose and sucrose)

Polysaccharides

long, branching chain of linked simple sugars which are large and insoluble (starch and glycogen)

Lipids

organic fat-soluble molecules that include oils, waxes and steroids

Triglycerides

neutral fats found in fat deposits as a source of stored energy

Saturated Fats

contains a single covalent bond, chains are straight, and exist as solids at room temperature

Unsaturated Fats

contains one or more double covalent bonds, chains start to kink, exist as liquid oil at room temperature

Trans Fat

oils that have been solidified by adding hydrogen at double bonds (risk of heart disease)

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

oils that are polyunsaturated, found in cold water fish and some plants (soybeans and nuts)

Phospholipids

a special type of fat molecule that forms the outer barrier, or membrane, of every living cell

Steroids

a unique type of lipid because they are hydrophobic (water-insoluble) and nonpolar

Proteins

accounts for over half of the body’s organic matter

Amino Acids

building blocks of proteins

Structural and Functional Proteins

there are two types of proteins

Structural Proteins

binded structures that exist in the body tissue (collagen, keratin)

Functional Proteins

function as the antibodies in immunity, hormones, or act as enzymes in the chemical reactions

Enzymes

acts as a biological catalyst, increases the rate of chemical reactions

Nucleic Acids

make up genes, composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus atoms (largest molecules in the body)

Adenine and Guanine

Thymine and Cytosine

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

the genetic material found within the cell's nucleus provides instructions for every protein in the body (replicates before cell division)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis, contains an added uracil