OChem 351- Functional Group Nomenclature

1

1

carboxylic acids

2

acid anhydrides

3

esters

4

Acyl halides

5

amides

6

nitriles

7

aldehydes

8

ketones

9

alcohols

10

thiols

11

amines

12

ethers

13

sulphides

14

alkenes

15

alkynes

16

alkyl halides

17

nitro

18

alkane

isopropyl

s-butyl

isobutyl

t-butyl

how to name ringed alkanes?

if the ring is bigger, that’s the root name (parent) if the chain is bigger, that’s the root name (parent)

substituted system (no C in common)

• treat smaller ring as substituent of bigger one

• cyclopropyl cyclopropane

spiro ring system (one common C)

• (any substituents with locants center at the common carbon) spiro no including counting common C [smaller#ring.bigger#ring](alkane root based on total # C, including common c)

fused ring systems (2 common C) and bridged ring systems

• (any substituents with locants center at the common carbon) bicyclo no including counting common C for bigger and smaller, and not including start of bridge C’s in connected [bigger#ring.smaller#ring.#connectedC](root based on total # C, including common c)

alkene functional group name

_____-locant-ene

(can have di or tri enes, just remember to put locants)

alkene substituent name

______enyl

cis/trans

looks at main chain and which side of double bond it hangs off (same- cis, different = trans)

E/Z

looks at which side of double bond has a higher priority (complexity of chain or higher atomic number = more priority)

alkyne functional group

_____-locant-yne

(can have di or tri ynes, just remember to put locants)

alkyne substituent

______-ynyl

alkyl halide functional group

_____-locant-(flouro/chloro/bromo/iodo)-ide

alkyl halide substituent

____flouro/chloro/bromo/iodo______

haloalkane style of naming alkyl halides

(any substituents with locants)+carbon chain root #+ane

• bromoethane

alkyl halide style of naming alkyl halides

(any substituents with locants)+ alkyl chain based on root # of C + (flouro/chloro/bromo/iodo)-ide

• ethyl bromide

alcohol functional group

alkan-locant-ol

(can have di or tri ols, just remember to put locants)

alcohol subsituent

____hydroxy____

thiol functional group

alkane-locant-thiol

(can have di or tri tiols, just remember to put locants)

thiol substituent

____sulfanyl____

ether functional group

used in simple naming:

alkyl alkyl ether

ether substituent

used in complex naming:

(any substituents with locants)+(ether locant + length of chain [shorter one] connected to O + oxy) + alkyl chain based on root # of C

epoxide functional group

used in simple naming:

# C present in chain+ ene oxide

• ethene oxide

epoxide substituent

used in complex naming:

[locant where starts, locant where ends]+epoxy+# C present in chain

• 1,2-epoxyethane

tioether/sulphide functional group

alkyl alkyl sulphide

thioether/sulphide substituents

(any substituents with locants)+(sulfide locant + thio) + alkyl chain based on root # of C

amine functional group

______-amine

• for any chains off Nitrogen: N,N-alkyl groups-amine

amine substituent

___amino____

aldehyde functional group

alkan-al

no locant!

aldehyde and ketone substituent

____oxo____

ketone functional group

alkan-locant-one

carboxylic acid functional group

alkan-oic acid

carboxylic acid substituent

_______carboxy_____

ester functional group

(any substituents with locants)+ alkyl group after O + alkan group on side of double bond O + oate

amide functional group

______-amide

• for any chains off Nitrogen: N,N-alkyl groups-amine

acyl halide functional group

alkan-oyl (flouride/chloride/bromide/iodide)

acid anhydride functional group

(if symmetrical only one alkan-, if un symmetrical then alkanoic alkan-, if ringed, alkandi-)-oic anhydride

nitrile functional group

nitrile style:

alkane (including the C in the functional group) nitrile

no locant!

nitrile subsituent

cyano style:

locant for nitrile + cyano + alkane (not including the C in the functional group)

o-

m-

p-

(R) isomers

• clockwise and least priority on hash

(S)

• counterclockwise and least priority on hash